بین المذاہب ہم آہنگی میں حائل رکاوٹوں کا جائزہ

In contemporary world several efforts have been made to restore the global peace, harmony and co-existence, and still the struggles continue but in vain. There are some serious problems to be addressed in the first phase. Some of these problems, for interfaith harmony and co-existence are associated with political and economical imbalance or injustice, while some of these are related to social and collective values at the world level, particularly in the Muslim society. In the past, political and economic motives were responsible for wars. It is predicted that in future the situation will remain the same. However Religious extremism and fundamentalism are just slogans of the western world for covring up real economic intentions. Western world particularly Americans promote wars for achievement of economic gains. This article focuses on the real causes of terrorisim, which is threatening our globe. Moreover it also suggests how to control these issues and help in the restoration of peace and interfaith harmony. The economic, political and social causes have been highlighted in detail. The big powers while talking of helping the developing countries want in reality to exploit economically those countries.

Comparative in Vivo and in Vitro Studies on Growth Bioregulatory Role of Thiourea in Improving Salt Tolerance of Hybrid Maize

This research project was undertaken to see the sights in the bioregulatory mode of action of thiourea in improving salinity stress tolerance in maize. For this purpose, the studies were conducted both in vivo and in vitro. Seeds of (six) marketable maize hybrids (P1543, 34N43, 31P41, DK6789, 33M15, 32B33) were used to accomplish the objectives of improving salinity tolerance in both systems. For in vivo studies, the experiments were conducted in two seasons (autumn and spring) in pots. Salinity treatment applied in both the systems was 120 mM developed with sodium chloride to find out the comparative responses of the hybrids. Based on growth responses, hybrid 33M15 was found to be highly salt tolerant while DK6789 was highly salt sensitive. Both these hybrids were used in selecting an appropriate level of thiourea out of a range from 0 to 2400 μM (at an increment of 200 μM). For both the hybrids, based on growth attributes, 400 μM level was the most optimal in enhancing growth parameters, and was therefore selected for use at both in vivo and in vitro level experiments. For in vivo experiment, the data revealed that applied salinity was damaging to growth, gas exchange, oxidative stress, antioxidants, osmoprotectants and nutrients characteristics of both the hybrids (DK6789 being more affected) while autumn season was more adverse than spring. Medium supplementation of thiourea was almost equally effective in both the seasons in improving the salinity tolerance of the hybrids during in vitro studies while the behavior of 33M15 was more profound towards the callusing, shooting and rooting and regeneration ability. Overall the results suggested that the medium supplementation of thiourea can effectively improve the salinity tolerance of maize by producing physiological and biochemical changes at the cellular level together with the parameters measured in the lab/pot experiments. The studies can be extended both at the molecular level to find out the patterns of gene expression, and in the field to explore the real benefits that the farmers can accrue using the approach employed in the control conditions.