حدیثِ خواب گویم
سفر نامے کے بنیادی لوازمات میں سے ایک سفر بھی ہے ۔جب کہ اس میں برتی جانے والی پابندیوں میں سب سے اہم فسوں گری اور مبالغے سے اجتناب ہے۔ یہ لوازمات اور پابندیاں کسی اور ملک کے سفر پر نکلے سفر نامہ نگار کے لیے زیادہ مشکل نہ ہوں مگر سفر اگر مصر کا ہو تو سفر نامہ نگار کے لیے یہ دو دھاری تلوار پر چلنے سے کم نہیں۔
مصری تہذیب کی حقیقت جس قدر مسلمہ ہے اس قدر فسوں آمیز۔ یہاں کے نظارے اس حد تک تحیر آمیز ہیں کہ ان پر بات کرنی اور اس پر تحریر کرتے وقت طلسماتی ارتعاش اور فینتاسی سے خود کو الگ کرنا ممکن ہی نہیں ہوتا۔
فوق الفطری ماحول اور فضا، قصہ در قصہ بنیادی حقیقت اور واقعے کے ساتھ ضمنی کہانیاں ،غیر مرئی حقیقت ،انسانوں کے علاوہ جانوروں اور چرند پرند سے منسلک واقعات، مرکزی کرداروں کی غیر معمولی طاقت اور حیثیت ،معاون کرداروں کی فوجِ ظفر موج، مشکلات، رکاوٹوں کاذکر، مذہبی اور دینی عقاید و تجربات ،آسمانی اور انسانی قوانین کا ذکر اور نفاذ غرض وہ تمام لوازمات جو کسی افسانوی تحریر کے خاصے ہوتے ہیں ، مصر پر لکھے سفر نامے کے بنیادی شرائط و لوازم بن جاتے ہیں۔
ان ہی لوازمات کی وجہ سے سفر نامہ داستان اور فسوں گری کا لبادہ اوڑھ لیتا ہے۔ لکھاری تہذیبی، تاریخی اور ذاتی داخلیت کا شکار ہو جاتا ہے۔ مسافر کے ساتھ بھی اس سفر پر کچھ ایسا ہی ہوا۔ جہاں بھی گیا حقیقتیں، حسین تخیل اور سچائیاں فینتاسی کا روپ دھار لیتیں، چاہے یہ حقیقتیں فراعینِ مصر کی ہوں یا یہ سچائیاں وادیٔ سینا کی طلسماتی فضا کی ہوں جہاں ریب و تکذیب کی گنجائش نہ ہوتے ہوئے بھی میری فکر افسوں اور بالعکس فسوں کے ساتھ ابہام و سحر کی خواب...
The comprehension of the message of the Holy Qur’ān is obligatory for the whole of humanity which is revealed in the Arabic language. Scholars all over the world, Muslims as well as non-Muslims have devoted their best efforts to translate the word of Allah Almighty in different languages of the world, although absolute translation is not possible. These translations from Arabic to other languages of the world result into pragmatic losses. Small wonder, these pragmatic losses cause problems in the process of understanding the actual message of the Holy Qur’ān enshrined in the source text. This study was conducted to analyze the pragmatic losses in the English translations of Sūrah Ikhlāṣ (chapter 112) through a comparative pragma-linguistic analysis. Three different translations have been selected for the study. A comparative and critical study of these translations has established the presence of certain pragmatic losses which are likely to bear upon the comprehension of the reader in more than one way. To the researchers, the presence of these losses calls for the greater sensitivity towards and understanding of the pragmatic aspects of interlingual translation, specifically for a text which in its primordial form was intended to be a Speech (Kalām). To retain the pragmatic value and meaning of the source text become all the more paramount when the text translated is sacred one with its own canonical conventions and discursive norms.
To study the effect of transient non-thermal mobility in surface-subsurface heterogeneous catalytic reaction, simulation work has been done for CO-O2 and CO- NO catalytic reaction on different surfaces. One class of transient non-thermal mobility of species includes Ely-Rideal (ER) mechanism. The first simple lattice gas model was introduced by Ziff, Gulari and Barshad, as a computer simulation model and is known as the ZGB model, which was used to study CO- O2 reaction system. It has been found through simulation that ER mechanism generates features in the ZGB model that brings it closer to the real system. The Consideration of ER mechanism annihilates second order phase transition of the ZGB model and the reaction rate begins to increase as soon as feed concentration CO departs from zero, which is consistent with the experimental results. The other class of transient non-thermal mobility is precursor mechanism. This mechanism adds some additional features in the phase diagram of a particular catalytic reaction, which could not be observed by considering the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. In the precursor mechanism, three different ranges of the surface environment have been investigated. Each environment consists of specific pattern for set of sites around the striking site. It is observed that the reactive window depends on the mobility of the precursors. It is also observed that when the probability of the precursor is increased, the production rates increases. Furthermore, the simulation is also performed to investigate the effect of diffusion of CO on the ZGB model. It has been found that the effect of diffusion of CO on the ZGB model is to increase the mobility of CO on the surface and hence the reaction rate increases with the result that the transition point y2 shifts towards higher concentration of CO. However, the effect of diffusion of CO has no effect on the second order phase transition point y1. The effect of diffusion of CO and N (atom) for CO-NO catalytic reaction has also been studied on BCC lattice. The effect of diffusion of CO and N on the production rates is found in the high concentration of CO. This mechanism is found responsible for slight increase in the window width where the concentration of CO is high. Through these models some experimental results have been reproduced of the real system.