Admissibility of a Video As Evidence in a Court: its Presentation and Probative Value

To general public, all videos are perceived to be true, but they may not have probative value in the Court of law. The undertaken article analyzes the admissibility and probative value of a video presented as evidence before a court in the Criminal Justice System of Pakistan (CJSP). It analyzes the relevant law and diagnoses the problems with the video evidence through the lens of the judgments of Superior Courts. The court of law objectively ascertains that a video presented as evidentiary means bears significant relevance to the fact in question. It must be admissible under the law, and it must be proved to be genuine. To fill up the gap between a “Video” and a “Video Evidence”, there is a process, which is known as video authentication. It determines that the video contents are genuine, authentic, credible, unaltered, untampered and unfabricated. The study discusses various modes of video authentication. Precedents set by superior courts of Pakistan show that convictions have been made once the courts are satisfied with the credibility of video evidence. In the court of law, video evidence is normally presented after the completion of prosecution evidence. The video is played in court and is watched by the presence. But the researcher establishes that such process does not have legal justification. The article suggests that it would be legal and proper for the prosecution to produce the video evidence through the witness, during his evidence, who is either victim, witness, recorded and/or copied the video directly from original source such as C.C.T.V system and that witness would be subjected to cross examination.

Strategic Risk Analysis of Transforming Organization’S Environment: A Case of Textile Sector in Pakistan

This research focuses on the environmental analysis of the textile sector in Pakistan. It identifies and examines the potential risks of internal, external and international dimensions of the organizational environment. This research shows that organizational analysis and management practice in the developing countries has not attended to the complexities and potential risks that are folded in environmental factors. Consequently, the environmental risks and complexities associated with organizational change and development remain unexplored. This thesis identifies these risks and complexities and suggests further that for any successful implementation of transformational change, the identification and management of complexities and risks are essential. To identify and examine the environmental complexities and risks, a study of the textile sector of Pakistan is taken up as a case. This research develops a theoretical as well as methodological framework for examining the context of Pakistan, and focuses on the data collection process in three stages: analysis of the internal environment; analysis of the external and international environment; and a review of the secondary data on the textile sector published by various sources. A set of findings and recommendations are put forward for managing the complexities and risks for a successful implementation of transformational change in the textile sector of Pakistan. The research claims various contributions to existing theory and practice. Firstly, it takes up the context of Pakistan, a developing country, for an analysis of organizational environment. Secondly, this research recommends a detailed examination of the external and international environmental risks and complexities for business organization in the developing countries in general, and the textile sector of Pakistan, in particular. Thirdly, in a similar domain, it identifies a range of complex variables and risks that adversely affect the organization’s transformation process in the textile sector of Pakistan.