اچھے شہری کی ذمہ داری
کائنات کے حسن کو دوبالا کرنے کے لیے جہاں ہر کس و ناکس اپنافریضہ ادا کر رہا ہے وہاں اچھے شہری کی بھی یہ ذمہ داری ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ نے جو کائنات بنائی ہے اُس میں رہ کر اچھے شہری ہونے کا ثبوت دے اور اس کی وجہ سے پیدا ہونے والی تمام پریشانیوں کا سد ّباب کرے۔ ایک اچھا شہری نہ صرف اپنی ذات کے بارے میں حسن ظن رکھتا ہے بلکہ وہ اپنے کردار سے، اپنی گفتار سے، اپنے طور و اطوار سے کوئی ایسی بات کا مرتکب نہیں ہوتا جس سے اس کے وجود سے نفرت کی جائے۔
اچھا شہری صرف وہی نہیں جوصبح اُٹھے سیر کو جائے اور پھر نماز ادا کرے اور تلاوت کلامِ پاک کرے اسی طرح وہ اپنی صبح نو کا آغاز کرے اور اس طرح خاموشی سے دن گزار دے، اچھا شہری تعلیمی ادارے کا سربراہ ہوسکتا ہے، اچھا مدرس ہوسکتا ہے، اچھا دوکاندار ہو سکتا ہے، اچھا سیاستدان ہوسکتا ہے، اچھا قانون دان ہوسکتا ہے، اچھا منصف ہوسکتا ہے ۔
اچھے شہری کی ہی ذمہ داری ہے کہ گھر کے اندر ، معاشرے کے اندر، خویش و اقارب کے اندر اگر کوئی برائی دیکھتا ہے تو وہ اس کا قلع قمع کرنے میں کوئی دقیقہ فروگزاشت نہ کرے یہ اس کی ذمہ داری ہے اور دینی فریضہ بھی! حضرت محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم نے فرمایا کہ’’ مسلمان وہ ہے جس کی زبان اور ہاتھ سے دیگر مسلمان محفوظ رہیں ، ہرشخص جب تک اپنا تعمیرانہ کردار ادانہ کرے اپنی دھرتی کو بقعۂ نورنہیں بنا سکتا،اپنی اس زمین میں عقل و خرد، عدل و انصاف، اخوت و بھائی چارہ کی فضا پیدا نہیں کر سکتا۔
اچھے شہری کی ذمہ داریوں میں سے ایک ذمہ داری یہ بھی ہے کہ وہ...
Background and Aim: The effects of novel set of interventions are known but their effects with respect to gender are not known. This study aim to determine the effects of novel set of interventions on shoulder range of motion in males and females with shoulder pathology.
Methodology: This study was of quasive experimental design. Thirty subjects of mean age (±SD) of 43. 23±10 years with shoulder pathology and restricted ROM were recruited. The major criteria for recruitment were 18-60 years of age. The general contraindications of manual therapy were the exclusion criteria. Shoulder functional movement and range of motion were the outcome measures.
Results: The mean % (SD) change for RUBB was 15.04±11.57for males and 14.49±10.44 for males. The change for RDBN was also significant (<0.00) from baseline and the % change in mean was 14.93±11.0 for males and 12.60±9.06 for females. The changes were well above the highly clinical meaningful difference (>0.8). It is further observed that the differences in gender were non-significant (P>0.05).
Conclusion: The pragmatic set of interventions affect both the genders equally and improve shoulder range of motion and functional movements. However, the results must be interpreted cautiously because of the inadequate sample size.
This thesis presents techniques on optical superresolution based on holographic recording. Optical 4f imaging system has been discussed to describe the superresolution techniques. An object transparency placed in the 4f system is illuminated with different plane waves where different spectral parts are allowed to pass through the limiting aperture placed at the Fourier plane of the 4f imaging system. A reference beam is added to the image plane and a CCD is placed to record the object hologram. The recorded holograms are processed using computer in Fourier domain. In this way, different spectral parts are retrieved and joined together to synthesize the super-resolved spectrum, which is inverse Fourier transformed to obtain super- resolved image of the input object. The designing of illumination system is the main part of this thesis. This thesis has presented four techniques of super resolution. In all the four techniques, different illuminators have been described. In the first technique, a planar array of fibers arranged in the form of a matrix, is described where each fiber is used once at a time to illuminate the object with one plane wave. The input object is therefore illuminated with a large number of plane waves from different directions to pass different spectral contents of the object through the optical system. The number of holograms recorded is equal to the number of fibers used to illuminate the object. The post processing of the recorded holograms gives the super resolved image. In the second technique, a simplified illumination array of fibers is used at the expense of object in-plane rotations with angular step of p/2 for each set of fibers. The object is illuminated sequentially by fibers and spectral parts of the objects are recorded in the vi form of holograms. The recorded holograms are processed to obtain super resolved image of the input object. In the third technique, Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) is used as illumination source to redirect the higher spatial frequencies of the object spectrum into the pass band. Initially a diverging lens function is assigned to the SLM, which sequentially illuminates the object with large number of beams from different directions. As a result, two types of holograms: with object and without object are recorded at the CCD plane. All these holograms are processed further to obtain the phase and amplitude of object, which constitute the super resolved image. In the fourth technique, the object is illuminated simultaneously with multiple beams produced by SLM. Different object spectral parts simultaneously pass through the pass band. In this technique, the reference beam is eliminated and the image is recorded as a result of mutual interference of illuminating beams. A set of constant phases is also assigned to illuminating beams to retrieve the correlation terms during post processing. The recorded images are processed further to obtain the super resolved image.