شب برات اور آتش بازی کی قبیح رسم
انسان کی ہمیشہ سے خواہش رہی ہے کہ کام تھوڑ ا کر نا پڑے اور اس کی مزدوری اور اُجرت زیادہ مل جائے۔ اللہ تعالیٰ نے بھی کچھ اوقات ایسے مقرر کیے ہیں کہ اس میں دین اسلام پر کار بند شخص تھوڑی سی عبادت کر کے ڈھیروں ثواب کما سکتے ہیں۔ ان اوقات میں لیلۃ القدر یعنی شب برات بھی ہے جو پندرہ شعبان المعظم کی رات ہے اور کروڑوں مسلمان اس رات میں شبِ بیدار ی کر کے اپنے پروردگار کے سامنے سر بسجدہ ہوتے ہیں اور اپنے گناہوں کی معافی کے طلبگار ہوتے ہیں۔ چنانچہ قرآن مجید میں ہے کہ:۔
’’حم قسم ہے کتاب مبین کی بیشک ہم نے اتارا ہے اسے ایک برکت والی رات میں بے شک ہم ڈر سنانے والے ہیں، اس رات ہرحکمت والا کا م بانٹ دیا جا تا ہے۔‘‘
تشریح! یہاں کتاب مبین سے مراد کلام اللہ یعنی قرآنِ مجید فرقانِ حمید ہے اگر چہ بعض مقامات پر اس سے مرادلوح محفوظ بھی ہے۔ نزولِ قرآن کی رات کی عظمت و فضیلت کو ظاہر کرنے لیے اللہ تعالیٰ نے قرآنِ مجید کی قسم ارشاد فرمائی۔ لیلۃ القدر برکتوں والی رات اس رات کے تعین میں مختلف اقوال ہیں لیکن عام طور پرد وقول زیادہ مشہور ہیں ایک تو یہ کہ اس سے مراد لیلۃ القدر ہے جو ماہ ِرمضان شریف میں آتی ہے۔ دوسرا قول یہ ہے کہ اس سے مراد شب ِبرات ہے جو شعبان المعظم کی پندرھویں رات ہے جیسا کہ تفسیر مظہری میں ہے۔ حضرت عکرمہصنے کہا کہ یہ پندرھویں شعبان کی رات ہے جس میں سال بھر کے امور لکھ دیئے جاتے ہیں جنہیں مرنا ہوتا ہے انہیں زندوں کی فہرست سے نکال دیا جاتا ہے پھر ان میں نہ زیادتی کی جاتی ہے نہ کمی۔
This research work investigated the interfaith harmony and social cohesion between two different religious followers of Hinduism and Islam in District Swat of Pakistan. The current world is facing various kinds of issues and challenges regarding interfaith harmony, peace and social cohesion. This is need of the time to establish a peaceful and harmonised day to day life standard for all the segments of society. This research was an effort to analyse the willingness among the Hindus and Muslims for enhancing their tolerance towards each other’s social and cultural activities. It also aimed to highlight the positive approach of the respondents towards the participation in the socio-cultural activities of each other. The results of association of social cohesion showed nonsignificant relationship with an opinion that Hindu and Muslim communities should take part in socio-cultural activities particularly the sports. Similarly, non-significant relationship was found based respondents’ data with an opinion that relations between Hindus and Muslims shall enhanced through participation in cultural and religious ceremonies. The result further concluded that there was peaceful and harmonised environment between Hindus and Muslims being living in the target area. The minorities were fully enjoying freedom and equality in District Swat. Based on the findings of the study, positive social interaction, mutual respect, positivity in thinking and positive role of local media have been recommended as policy guidelines for promoting inter-faith harmony.
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been performed on porous anodic alumina prepared at non-ordering conditions. These were prepared by two-step anodizing to have uniform through-thickness structure. The thickness of the membranes was of the order of 100-200 μm. The scattering has been explained based on structure factor; the magnitude of scattering vectors (q) corresponding to well-established peaks being multiples of 2 π /d, where d is the inter-pore distance. The usually studied form factor has not been found to play any profound role to determine the scattering response of anodic alumina. The scattering from PAA samples has been extremely anisotropic, where q always lies at about 90° with respect to the sample’s normal. A deviation from this angle which is limited to about ± 2° has been due to scatter of the pore axis with respect to sample’s normal, which is caused by occasional pore turning, branching or annihilation events. The analysis and methodology adopted in this study has also been suggested as extremely useful for determining the orientation of high-aspect ratio objects in an anisotropic sample along with assessing the degree of misalignment. Theoretically calculated / simulated structure factor (corresponding to interpore distance and interplanar distance) have been sucessfully fitted to SAXS spectra of PAA prepared by variety of conditions such as using single-step anodizing for various durations and double-step anodizing at various voltages. From these fittings useful quantitative informamtion such as lattice constant, interpore distance, long-range ordering (average domain size) and strctural disorder have been obtained, which previously was not possible through direct imaging techniques. PAA, prepared at ordering conditions by single-step and double-step anodizing, exhibit SAXS intensity peaks that correspond to two-dimensional hexagonal lattice. At all of the ordering voltages, long-range hexagonal pore ordering increases and structural disorder decreses with increase in time of anodizing during first-step of anodizing. PAA samples prepared at non-ordering voltages do not have hexagonal pore ordering, however, they exhibit regular interpore distance. SAXS analysis on the doubly-anodized samples prepared at ordering voltages reveal that the variation of pore axes in the ordered PAA is smaller than non-ordered PAA. Fitting of the simulated 2-D hexagonal lattice to the SAXS spectrum of PAA prepared (by both single step and two-step) at 60 V reveals that the sample possesses 2-D hexagonal nanoporous structure. Pore nucleation on surfaces with different pre-texture has been studied in detail. Electropolishing Aluminum surface in Perchloric acid-alcohol solution leads to nano stripes with Protrusions. These troughs in the nano stripes was found to have predominant role as pore nucleation sites in the subsequent anodizing at smaller voltages as well as larger voltage. The role of pre-texture was further investigated and confirmed by preparing a pre-textured surface which was prepared by anodizing at low voltage the electropolished aluminum followed by dissolution of the oxide grown which leaves nanopit surface for the subsequent anodizing at higher voltage. Anodizing at higher voltages on a pre-textured surface leads to the idea of pore exclusion zone that excludes the neighboring pore nucleating sites due to oxide flow in the subsequent anodizing. The study helps to understand pore nucleation at ordering at non-ordering voltages.