لسان العرب کا تعارفی و تحقیقی مطالعہ

The dictionaries have played a vital role in understating and preserving any language. Arabic is a Semitic language; it has a large, deep and rich history. The Arabs have always tried to keep the Arabic language safe, but all these efforts were verbal, they did not have a tradition of writing in pre Islamic era. After the Islam they focused on writing and began the writing activities such as: exegesis of Quranic verses, Hadith and explanation of some difficult words used in Quranic verses. In the 2nd century, the first initial stage of Arabic dictionary writing began with the efforts of Al-Khalil, who is considered as a founder of Arabic dictionary writing. After that, language scholars created a great work in promotion of Arabic dictionary. Of these scholars Ibn Manzoor who sacrificed his life for the preserving Arabic language through his writing and research. And his valuable and great benefit book (Lisan-al-Arab) which is considered one of the most important source on said subject. In this Paper, we have presented an introductory and detailed study of his said book, So that Urdu readers can benefit from this scholarly investment.

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Fraxinnus Xanthoxyloides Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Substituted Triazoles

The history of natural products is as ancient as human being and these are used to cure man since life started. Drugs either isolated or derivative of natural products has played a great role in pharmaceutical industries and specially obtained from plants. Plants have provided us some of the very important life saving drugs used in the armamentarium of modern medicine. The exploration of the chemical constituent of the plants and pharmaceutical screening may provide us the basis for developing the lead for development of novel agents. Among the estimated 400,000 plant species, only 6% have been studied for biological activity and about 15% have been investigated phytochemically. This inadvertently shows a need for the in-depth dissertation of various chemical constituents, medicinal viability, biological and pharmacological evaluation of plants. The Part A of the present Ph. D thesis deals with isolation of bioactive constituents from a medicinally important plant of Pakistan namely Fraxinus xanthoxyloides. The search for the new chemical agents is one of the most challenging tasks for the medicinal chemist. Similarly, the synthesis of high nitrogen containing heterocyclic systems has been attracting and increasing interest among the scientists over the past decade because of their utility in daily life. In recent years, the chemistry of triazoles and their fused heterocyclic derivatives has received considerable attention owing to their synthetic and effective biological importance. The presence of three nitrogen hetero-atoms in five membered ring systems defines an interesting class of compounds, the triazole. Therefore, the present thesis is presented in the following two parts. Part A Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Part B Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Substituted Triazoles