انسانی زندگی میں جنات کے اثرات

Among different creations of Allāh, Jinnāt have their own independent existence. By essence, they neither belong to the human race nor to the angelic world. One commonality between Jinnāt and human beings is that they both are provided with consciousness and can practice their own free-will in terms of choosing what is right and what is wrong, while angles are deprived of this ability. Jinnāt are mentioned in numerous places in the Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth of the Prophet SAW, so much so that it would be unreasonable to deny their existence. Henceforth, the scholars from every period of time have acknowledged their existence and it wouldn’t be wrong to claim that they all share almost similar views on them. Likewise, every Muslim group acknowledged their existence with the exception of Jahmīyah and Mu‘tazilah. As far as Jews and Christians are concerned, they too like Muslims believe in the existence of Jinnāt. To summarize, it is proven by means of multiplicity (Tawātur) of report from all the Prophets and Messengers and therefore, every follower of the heavenly religion has some sort of belief in the existence of Jinnāt. As far as their influence on the human beings is concerned, there are three major views prevailing among Muslims.  There are those who completely deny their existence and therefore, do not in anyway acknowledge their influence on human life. Then there are those who do believe in their existence but are of the opinion that they remain aloof from human beings and therefore, have no influence on the human life. The third opinion which is the opinion of the majority of the scholars is that not only Jinnāt exist but they have the power to influence and affect human beings as well. In this treatise, the opinion of the proponents of the third view is analyzed and their evidences from Qur’ān and Sunnah are discussed.

Spatiotemporal Variation in Organochlorine and Pyrethroid Pesticides in Ecosystem of River Chenab

Present study was designed to monitor organochlorine and pyrethroids pesticides, possible sources, their spatial and temporal variations, bioaccumulation pattern in fish through water and sediments and human risk assessment. Levels of aldrin, o, p′, DDT p, p′, DDT o, p′, DDE p, p′, DDE, α-Endosulfan, β-Endosulfan from organochlorine and cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin and bifenthrin from pyrethroids class were monitored in the present study. During the study, five fish species, four carnivores (Channa marulius, Anguilla rostrata, Channa punctatus and Wallagu attu) and one herbivore (Labeo boga) were sampled from the four headworks of the river Chenab. Samples were collected from three major aquatic matrices (water, sediments and fish) from the eight sampling sites situated at Marala, Khanki, Qadirabad and Trimu Headworks of River Chenab, during summer and winter seasons. Prior to analysis, liquid phase extraction technique was applied for water samples while all the collected sediment and fish samples were extracted by Soxhlet Extraction Technique. Samples were then processed to column chromatography for cleanup and analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) after achieving LOD and LOQ and assuring all the quality control procedures. BCF and BSAF were calculated for the presence of relevant pesticides in water, fish and sediments. Human health risk was assessed for organochlorine and pyrethroids pesticides by consuming the contaminated fish. Physical and chemical parameters of both water and sediments collected from all the sampling sites of the river Chenab were determined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), cluster analysis and PCA were applied for significance, classification of sites and source identification of pesticides. Concentrations of pesticides in surface waters of River Chenab ranged from 15 to165 and 23 to 275 ngL- 1 for organochlorine and 0.087 to 0.189 and 0.094 to 0.355 µgL-1 for pyrethroids during summer and winter seasons, respectively. Among organochlorine pesticides, DDTs exhibited the highest concentration in all water, sediments and fish samples, followed by Endosulfan and then aldrin while from pyrethroids group, deltamethrin showed highest values followed by cypermethrin, permethrin and then bifenthrin in descending order. Concentrations of DDT in water exceeded from the CCC concentration guidelines of USEPA while aldrin levels were higher than the PSQCA set criteria. Concentrations of pesticides in sediments ranged from 4.3 to 156.3 and 8.15 to 239.19 ngg-1 for organochlorine and 0.147 to 1.162 and 0.254 to 1.248 µgg-1 for pyrethroids during summer and winter seasons respectively. The risk assessment estimated that the 12.5-100% of sediments exceeded than the sediment quality guidelines while total DDTs level exceeded in 75-100% of sediments samples compared to the sediments quality standards. Indicative ratios of DDT with its isomer and metabolites suggested the past and current application and long transport range of organochlorine. Deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin concentrations in water were found to be higher than their LC50 while levels of pyrethroids in sediments were below its LC50 values. Statistical analysis reflected the intensive agro-industrial activities and municipal effluents as major sources of organochlorine and pyrethroids in the freshwater ecosystem of river Chenab. The level of organochlorine monitored at Khanki Headworks (S3, S4) was relatively higher than the other three Headworks while level of pyrethroids was higher at Trimu Headworks (S7, S8) as compared to Marala, Khanki and Qadirabad Headworks. Organochlorine and pyrethroids levels in all the samples of water, sediments and fish were higher during winter season as compared to summer season. Organochlorine concentrations in fish ranged from 23.79 to 387.12 ngg-1 but 0.35 to 1.272 µgg-1 for pyrethroids during summer and winter seasons respectively indicated their bio-magnification in fish. Risk assessments of organochlorine pesticides showed that DDT contaminated fish intake would pose a health risk to humans. However, no immediate risk was assessed by pyrethroid contaminated fish consumption. Present study results highlighted both organochlorine (outdated) and pyrethroids (current) pesticides associated pollution in the riverine ecosystem of the river Chenab to mitigate the adverse situation. Current study also evaluated the phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes) and algae (chaetomorphasutoria, sirogoniumsticticum and zygnema sp.) for organochlorine and pyrethroids pesticides. Eleven treatments (T1- T11) with and without plants were used for phytoremediation of organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides. Water and plant samples were extracted by liquid phase and solid phase extraction respectively and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. During the experiment, P. stratiotes, E. crassipes and algae (C. sutoria, S. sticticum and Zygnema sp.) showed good removal efficiency with 62% (71% root, 29% shoot), 60% (67% root, 33% shoot), and 58% respectively for organochlorine and 76% (76% root, 24% shoot), 68% (69% root, 31% shoot), and 70% respectively for pyrethroids. Dissipation rate constant of treatments with plants (T2, T3, T5, T6, T8, and T9) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) as compared to treatments without plants i.e. T10 and T11 (control) for both organochlorine and pyrethroids. Bioconcentration factor of pyrethroids treatments (T3, T6, and T9) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) as compared to that of organochlorine treatments (T2, T5 and T8). The removal efficiency of E. crassipes, P. stratiotes and algae (C. sutoria, S. sticticum and Zygnema sp.) for pyrethroids was significantly higher (p < 0.01) as compared to that of organochlorine. Present study concluded that organochlorine and pyrethroids pesticides were abundantly found in the three aquatic environmental compartments (water, sediments and fish) that may cause a severe ecological risk to humans and other biota due to continuous and irregular use of these chemicals which ultimately add to the river Chenab via surface runoff or atmospheric deposition.