The Risk of Developing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Integrated Health Care System of Pakistan-A Meta-Analysis

Studies regarding the prevalence of CLABSIs in Pakistan are limited. However, it is known that healthcare-associated infections are a concern in many low- and middle-income countries, including Pakistan. The present study is aimed to identify the relative risk of developing CLABSIs in the hospital care setups of Pakistan. The risk of biases in included studies was assessed using Cochrane tool parameters. Analysis of results revealed a relative risk of getting CLABSIs is 1.78 (p<0.001) among patients admitted in the hospitals for greater than 72 hours. This shows that the chances of getting infected at the central line site were more than 50% among patients admitted to ICUs in Pakistan. It has been concluded that the relative risk of CLABSIs in the integrated healthcare system of Pakistan is high.   DOI: https: //doi. Org/10.59564/amrj/01.01/003  

An Analysis of English Translation of Khushhal Khan Khattak's Poetry

An Analysis of English Translation of Khushhal Khan Khattak's Poetry The present study investigates the verse to verse translation of Khushhal Khan Khattak's poetry. The source text (ST) comprises of eight selected Pashto poems from the Diwan of Khushhal Khan Khattak. The translation is done into English by Olaf Caroe in collaboration with Evely Howell. The study explores the relationship between the original text and the translation in terms of equivalence which is the core concept in translation studies. It focuses on identification of the norms of translational equivalence observed in the actual practice of translation. It explores as to what extent the form and content of the original text is reproduced /transferred in the translation. The study identifies whether the translators truly understand the source text and are able to convey the author's point of view or they take liberties to adapt the translation to the linguistic and cultural system of the target audience at the expense of deviating from the intent and meaning of the original. As the nature of the study demands, the research method is based on hermeneutics which is an interpretive framework in translation studies. The analytical framework is based on Nida's principles of formal and dynamic equivalence which provide the ground for analysis of translation at both textual and extra textual levels. The study examines how the different, social, cultural and linguistic factors affect the process/ product of translation in terms of its adequacy and accuracy. Moreover, it also focuses on how far the translators' own ideologies and personal prejudices are influential in guiding them in making addition, deletion and adaptation in the source text. And, it tries to identify how far the translation carries the sense and spirit of the original. After analysing the poems it has been found that the translation exhibits equivalence at those places where the text of English translation and Pashto exhibit universal features common to both the languages. However, it has also been found that the poet's feelings, thoughts and ideology, in addition to the social and cultural context in which the poems were produced, have not been transferred in the translation. Consequently, equivalence in verse to verse translation has not been successfully achieved. The analysis has shown that the sense and spirit of the original is partially conveyed in the translation.