خاندانی پس منظر
ناطق کا خاندان برصغیر ہند کی تقسیم کے وقت ہندوستان سے ہجرت کرکے پاکستان آگیا تھا۔ وہ اس ہجرت سے خائف تھے۔ ان کے والد محترم کا نام بشیر تھا۔ان کی عمر 12 سال تھی، جب وہ اپنے خاندان کے ساتھ ہجرت کر کے پاکستان آئے اور پھر یہیں مقیم ٹھہرے۔ انہوں نے تقسیم کے وقت کے مشکل حالات سے نبردآزما ہو کر پاکستان آنے والے اپنے خاندان کی تعداد 20 بتائی ہے جو کہ زندہ بچ گئے تھے لیکن جب وہ اپنے خاندان کے ساتھ ہجرت کر رہے تھے تب تقریبا70ً لوگ قافلے میں شریک تھے مگر جب ہیڈ سلیمانکی کے راستے وہ انڈیا سے پاکستان پہنچے تو تقریباً 50 لوگ شہید ہو گئے۔وہ بتاتے ہیں کہ مشکلات کا سلسلہ یہیں پر نہیں رکا بلکہ پاکستان آنے پر جب اوکاڑہ کے قریب ایک گاؤں میں بس گئے تو ان کے پاس جگہ کی دستاویزات موجود نہ ہونے کی وجہ سے بھی بے شمار پریشانیوں کا سامنا کرنا پڑا۔ہجرت کے دوران خاندان کے پاس تمام جمع پونجی بھی لوٹ لی گئی اس لیے انہیں شدید غربت و افلاس کے حالات سے گزرنا پڑا سادہ طبیعت انسان ہونے کی وجہ سے تمام معاملات سے لاعلم تھے ،نہ کوئی سہولت تھی نہ کوئی ذریعہ معاش تھا پھر وہ بتاتے ہیں کہ ان کے والد معمار بھی تھے اور معماری کو اپنا پیشہ بنایا اور یہی کام وہ کئی سال تک کرتے رہے۔ پھر یوں ہوا کہ والدہ ماجدہ بیمار پڑ گئیں تو موجود تمام جمع پونجی بھی ان پہ صرف ہو گئی تب ناطق کے ابا جان نے مڈل ایسٹ جانے کا فیصلہ کیا۔ معماری کا کام انھوں نے وہا ں بھی جاری رکھا اور تقریباً چار سال کا عرصہ وہاں گزارا۔ چار سال تک وہ ایران اور شام محنت مزدوری کرتے رہے...
Divorce seems to be more socially accepted nowadays and it is the most won issue in the modern world. Divorce in the family always signals dangers and insecurity in the society. Findings have indicated that divorce has negative impact on spouses as well as the development of children in the society, and it leads to number of social problems such as prostitution by young ladies. It will be difficult for a woman to cater for all the basic needs of the child single handedly. It will grow up demoralized. He suffers different types of deprivations including parental love, care and affection. Such children grow up humiliated and heartless. They resort to various crimes such as robbery, rope, arson and other related wrong doings. It is also observed that, divorce has a negative impact on man too, men cannot really make their feelings vocal. The stress involved in the divorce can cause lack of sleep, depression, fatigue and listlessness; a divorce can have numerous psychological implications as well. The methodological approach used in this paper is descriptive, prescriptive and annalistic; meanwhile the method of data collection is historical and empirical.
It is widely believed that institutionalizing decentralization is a viable strategy to stimulate a system wherein previously disenfranchised local people participate in decision-making, and the elected officials are accountable to their constituents. In turn it produces conducive environment for inclusive political participation at grass root level. Hence, this thesis endeavors, to study the role of a decentralized local government in evolving representative leadership in Pakistan from institutional perspective. This study is conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a province in Pakistan, characterized by strong patriarchal practices, low literacy, Khanism, religious fundamentalism and strong adherence to cultural norms and values. Introduction of decentralization in the shape of local government in Pakistan was a bold step however; the informal institutional practices as mentioned above hindered the way to deliver promising outcomes. This understanding was carried out by employing qualitative research methodology. The data was collected through in-depth interviews from community members, including men and women and local-government elected officials. In order to understand the stance of respondents on the role of local government, interpretivist approach was used employing unstructured interview schedule in individual interviews as well as in focus group discussions. Moreover, to get relevant information purposive sampling technique was utilized to locate more erudite respondents. This study finds out that some socio-cultural, political and religious factors derailed the operation of local government to develop in linear fashion as prescribed in theory. Among these, local power structure distorted participation, and representation of previously marginalized local people. Local elites were powerful enough and challenged the new positions created by local government. Due to their strong socio-political status, they easily manipulated the novice system and hijacked it away from the reach of the common people. Similarly, patriarchy disenfranchised women from political enterprise, limiting their role to pseudo participation in local government Central and provincial government relations were found as major impediments in the way of local government to produce an egalitarian system of decision making at grass root level. It was highlighted that the central government of General Pervez Musharraf used local government for legitimizing its own government at federal level. Provincial governments too were reluctant to share power with local representatives in district government. Therefore, provincial governments under duress administered fragile structure of local governments within their jurisdictions just to fulfill the constitutional requirements. Moreover, political parties, too, adversely affected the structure of local government to aggrandize in proper way. Local elites affiliated with political parties over shadowed the newly elected/created positions in local government. Consequently, the Hypocratic attitude of political parties added to the dilemma of failed decentralization in evolving representative leadership in Pakistan.