حافظ محمد ابراہیم
افسوس ہے جنوری کے تیسرے ہفتہ میں حافظ محمد ابراہیم صاحب ایک طویل علالت کے دہلی میں وفات پاگئے۔ نماز جنازہ شاہ جہانی جامع مسجد میں پڑھی گئی اوراس کے بعد تدفین نگینہ میں ہوئی۔انتقال کے وقت عمر ۷۷۔ ۷۸ برس کی ہوگی۔ مرحوم علی گڑھ کی پرانی نسل کے ایک فرد تھے۔یہیں فلسفہ اور اقتصادیات کے مضامین کے ساتھ بی۔اے اورپھرایل۔ایل۔بی کیا۔اپنی ذہانت،طباعی اور لیاقت کے باعث اساتذہ اورطلباء میں ہمیشہ نیک نام اورہر دل عزیز رہے۔ دیوبند کے مکتبۂ فکر کے زیر اثر قوم پرورانہ خیالات اور جذبات شروع سے رکھتے تھے۔ چنانچہ جن لوگوں نے مرحوم کا عہد طالب علمی دیکھاہے ان کابیان ہے کہ مرحوم اس زمانہ میں بھی سرسید کے سیاسی افکار کے مخالف تھے اور اس پر اپنے ساتھیوں سے محبت کرتے تھے۔علی گڑھ سے فراغت کے بعد اپنے وطن نگینہ میں پریکٹس شروع کی اورایڈوکیٹ کی حیثیت سے بہت جلد صوبہ بھر میں مشہور ہوگئے لیکن نیشنلسٹ فطرتاًتھے۔اس لیے تحریک موالات شروع ہوئی تواُس میں بڑھ چڑھ کرحصہ لیااورپھر جنگ آزادی کادورآیا توہمیشہ اُس کے ہراوّل دستہ میں رہے۔اس سلسلہ میں جیل گئے اوردوسری پریشانیاں بھی اٹھائیں لیکن پائے ثبات میں لغزش نہ ہوئی۔ پھر جب قومی وزارتوں کا عہد شروع ہوا تو پہلے اتر پردیش میں اور پھر مرکز میں وزیر رہے، آخر میں پنجاب کے گورنر تھے۔ بیماری کے باعث اس سے مستعفی ہوکرگھر آ بیٹھے تھے اوریہی بیماری آخرجان لیوا ثابت ہوئی۔ نہایت خوش خلق، مہمان نواز اور فیاض و سیرچشم تھے۔اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت ورحمت کی نعمتوں سے سرفرازفرمائے۔آمین [فروری۱۹۶۸ء]
Taking an ‘analogical’ approach to the issue, this study reads the saga of Atiya Fyzee’s relationship with Shibli Nomani and Allama Iqbal as a plausible allegory of the transforming cultural relationship of the Muslims of the subcontinent with English (in what this term comes to mean as a language, as a discipline of studies, and as a synecdoche of Western culture). The history of this cultural interaction since the British colonization I have divided into three broad phases: the initial, the middle, and the present. The initial phase I earlier dealt with by exploiting Sheikh Muhammad Ikram’s analogy, later employed by Nasir Abbas Nayyar, that Shibli’s attitude towards English was the same as his attitude towards his step-mother at home. English, in other words, was a stepmother for Shibli, and for the generations represented through his figure in this early phase of cultural interaction of the Muslims of the subcontinent with the language. The present paper focuses on how one can analogically read in the personal histories of the representative figures of this culture the stories of how in the subcontinent the larger cultural reception of English gradually changed from being treated as a ‘step-mother’(and hence forging with her a relationship of cultural exchange) to being treated as a ‘social butterfly’ or a ‘social sweetheart’, as a symbol of liberal humanist high culture, and how such terms of cultural engagement with English were unacceptable to both Shibli and Iqbal. The paper closes on how even this image of English as high culture gradually dissolved with the cultural disintegration wrought by an ever-increasing and relentless consumerist culture in the postcolonial times.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become the integral part of our daily life activities. These WSNs can utilize the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band to communicate the sensed data. The ISM band has been already saturated due to overlaid deployment of WSNs and other wireless technologies such as WiFi etc. To solve this problem, WSNs have been powered up by cognitive radio (CR) capability and this rise to a new type of network called as cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs). In CRSNs, the unlicensed users can utilize the unlicensed as well as licensed band opportunistically. The licensed users are called the primary radio (PR) nodes where as the opportunistic unlicensed users are called as secondary or CRSN nodes. By using CR technique, CRSN nodes can utilize the spectrum holes opportunistically avoiding the interference with PR nodes. CRSNs can be deployed for number of purposes such as dynamic spectrum access to cognitive radio nodes, opportunistic channel access, overlaid deployments of multiple concurrent networks, and communication under different spectrum regulations. The potential applications of CRSNs include indoor sensing applications, multimedia applications, multi-class heterogeneous sensing applications, and real-time surveillance applications etc. All these applications require high bandwidth for communication along with avoiding CR-PR interference. In this regard, novel techniques are required which can provide large bandwidth to CRSN nodes to support their data requirements. Channel bonding (CB) is a technique to provide wide band channel by combining multiple contiguous channels. By using channel bonding (CB) technique, CRSN nodes attempt to find and combine contiguous channels to avail larger bandwidth. In this PhD thesis, we have made several contributions. Firstly, we have provided an extensive literature review of CB schemes, made meaningful classification of CB approaches and highlighted the applications of CB in various networks. Next, we have enhanced network simulator NS-2 and proposed a framework for simulating CRSNs in NS-2. Third, we have proposed an algorithm Primary Radio Activity aware Channel Bonding algorithm (PRACB) to perform channel bonding in CRSNs. We have implemented our proposed scheme PRACB in NS-2 and compared it with three schemes sample width algorithm (SWA), cognitive radio networks over white spaces (KNOWS) and AGILE. We then evaluated the performance of PRACB in different PR activity regimes. The simulation results show that our algorithm significantly avoids CR-PR harmful interference and CB in cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) provides greater bandwidth to CRSN nodes. Next, we have proposed two remaining idle time aware channel bonding schemes RITCB and RITCB-IP, which select channels for CRSN nodes based on remaining idle time. In the end, we have performed comparison analysis of our schemes and shown that intelligent channel selection effectively improves the delivery ratio of CRSN nodes. In addition, some future research directions have also been highlighted at the end of this thesis.