The Aims of the Prophetic Hijrah and its Teaching and Guidance

The aim of Hijrah is not to run away from problem that occurred in the process of giving da'wah, but rather to establish the resolve in solving the problem. Hijrah as a movement carried out by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions from Makkah to Madinah, aimed to keep, maintain and uphold the message of Allah, in the form of Islamic aqeedah and shari’a, in order to achieve the mercy and pleasure of Allah SWT. This move, as we can see in the seerah, later brought a great impact to the success of the Islamic da’wah which was increasingly evolving. Hence the fundamental problem that has led to the migration has been solved. In fact, the Hijrah brought a significant impact not just to the Islamic world but also to world civilisation. The story and background of the migration of Rasulullah (PBUH) from Makkah to Madinah is touched in this writing to show that there were a lot of lessons and guidance that can be inferred. It did not merely signify a final destination for Makkah Muslims, but was also the beginning of a continuous effort to establish a strong and resilient ummah. The event of Hijrah in fact had changed the world after that forever. It highlighted the perseverance of the Rasulullah (PBUH) and the early Muslims through the difficult times. Hijrah demonstrates that for people with faith, there is hope for ease after difficulties. There was also a great unity model among Muslims of different backgrounds. The Hijrah had also marked the beginning of the Islamic State under the leadership of Rasulullah (PBUH) which then became a reference for all state governance everywhere in the future

Optimal Flexible Antenna Designs for Future Wban

Health and long term care is growing exponentially in wearable biomedical systems. Wearable and flexible diagnostic systems can contribute towards the timely care of patients suffering with chronic health conditions, particularly chronic neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Thousands of lives can be save by using diagnostics and therapeutic techniques. Existing ambulatory system is not able to perform continuous remote monitoring of patients. From the literature review, it is stated that flexible wearable electronic systems have gained intense attention in the last two decades. Wearable antennas have an enormous potential in future healthcare and children applications. The performance such as durability, flexibility, compactness and configurability of flexible antenna is much better than other devices. Due to these reasons the performance process of flexible wearable antenna should be evaluated. The power consumption demand is really dependent on the peculiar application of wearable antennas. However, WBAN devices are mostly battery powered and the battery life time is required to be up to several years. This dissertation shows the designs of flexible and wearable antenna used for biomedical applications in the near vicinity of the human torso. Primarily, a planar flexible antenna is designed on a flannel substrate with the permittivity of 1.45, 2mm thickness and loss tangent of 0.044. The antenna consists of shield conductive textile with a four-sided slot and a compact ground plane to improve the impedance matching characteristics which provides wider bandwidth. The proposed antenna is designed with a flimsy and flexible textile substrate with a measured reflection coefficient below -10dB. Antenna parameters such as radiation pattern, bandwidth, gain and radiation pattern are evaluated by using measurements and simulations. The projected design has low power consumptions due to the accomplishment of gain results that was less than 5dB in the frequency between 3GHz and 15GHz. Additionally, this work explores the possibilities of using natural rubber in the conception of a simple microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is designed to work in the UWB spectrum, and the properties of substrate such as thickness, metal width and permittivity are measured. From the results it is concluded that the return loss of the antenna is significantly amended due to the decrease in the substrate thickness and permittivity. In disparity, decreasing the metal thickness will increase the return loss. It is observed, that thicker substrate will yield higher directivity, and lower value of relative permittivity will result in lower directivity. ix Finally, the proposed flexible antennas are validated to meet the requirements for wearable devices, such as being flexible, compact and mechanically robust. Therefore, the influence of bending and wet conditions is also investigated. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed models give satisfactory results under bending and wet environments.