غیر مسلم اقلیتوں کے حقوق کا اسلامی فلسفہ: قرآنی تناظر میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Islamic Philosophy of the Rights of Non-Muslims Minorties: An Analysis in Qur’ᾱnic Perspective Islam is complete code of life for entire humankind. According to the Holy Quran all human beings have been created from a single person (Adam). By birth all are equal and have all fundamental rights irrespective of their religion. If a group is numerically inferior to the rest of the population of state in a non-dominant position, will not be considered minority according to Quran. Quran classify people into two different categories: believers and non-believers on the base of their belief instead of numerical value. Minorities enjoy all fundamental rights and freedoms in Islamic territory. This article demonstrates in the light of Quran that Islam does not discriminate between Muslims and non-Muslims in the matter of rights and will clarify the objection of western propaganda that Islam is rigid for non-believers. There are different types of Non-Muslims living in Islamic state as minority. According to Quran, concept of minority is unique, minority does not mean inferior in number. This paper will reveal the types of minorities and their specific rights along with their basic rights too. It has been concluded that Islam is only religion which offers basic human rights at the level of equality irrespective their religion.

Seasonal Biodiversity of Braconidae Hymenoptera in Citrus Orchards of Sargodha, Pakistan

Citrus is one of the important fruit grown in Punjab, particularly in Sargodha region. Its export plays a vital role in Pakistan‟s economy. However it is adeversely affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Among biotic factors, a large number of insect pests attack on citrus crop even before flowering to fruit formation which ultimately results in decreased fruit production and poor juice contents. A large number of insecticides are used to control citrus insect pests but their indiscriminate use causes environmental pollution, primary pest outbreak, secondary pest resurgence and development of resistance against insecticides. Therefore, to overcome the ill-effects of insecticides, there is a need to design a widespread integrated pest management strategy. In nature, different natural enemies play a vital role in the reduction of citrus insect pest‟s population. Natural enemies such as predators, parasitoids and pathogens are used for biological control of different insect pests. Several natural enemies attack on various prey or host species while few are host specific such as parasitoids. Most of the parasitoids belong to family Braconidae of order Hymenoptera which contains large number of parasitoid species that successfully control several important plant pests. This family comprises of 44-47 subfamilies and about 1000 genera with over 40,000 species that are widely distributed all over the world. Prevalence of more number of species in district Sargodha provided us basic information about the efficiency of parasitoids as biocontrol agent. In this study, braconids fauna from different localities of Sargodha region were explored, with particular reference to citrus orchards. For this purpose different kinnow orchards in selected localities were selected for the collection of parasitoids and their mummies. The parasitoids were identified under the microscope using taxonomic keys. Confusing species of parasitoids were further identified by their DNA sequences. Diversity index (Simpson) method was used to find the most prevalent species in each tehsil of district Sargodha.