جج پر ضمان: فقہی قواعد اور پاکستانی قانون میں تطبیق

A judge should be honest,  transparent, free and fair. He should always respect law. The question arises that if a judge who disrespects law and makes unbalanced decisions: as a result of which people get affected then will he or she be penalized? The Ḥanafi Scholars opine that if a judge passes a wrong decision intentionally, he should be penalized from his own property. Because in Islamic jurisprudence, judiciary owns a supremacy over the masses and everyone irrespective of the position is equal and has to obey law. Whether he is a judge or a commoner, he has to follow the rules and regulations as prescribed by law. In practice, Pakistani judges are not held responsible for making a wrong verdict. Our judges make judgments on the basis of already manipulated evidence. A judge bars himself from the responsibility of collecting evidence. Similarly, if a judge has developed personal grudges with the criminal then the criminal reserves right of appealing the higher court where the decision is reviewed and rectified. In such situation, there is a compulsion between the legal maxim "وَالْأَصْلُ عَدَمُ الضَّمَان" and the Pakistani laws. However, Ḥanafi jurisprudence and Pakistani Laws are not in accordance with each other. This study concentrates upon the nature of punishment and tort to be applied on judges in case of making a decision based on falsehood. It is suggested that Pakistan’s Judiciary should be reread as that the already in-practice system does not comply with the standards of Islamic teachings.

Use of Approximate Symmetry Methods to Define Energy of Gravitational Waves

In this thesis approximate Lie symmetry methods for differential equations are used to investigate the problem of energy in general relativity and in particular in gravitational waves. For this purpose second-order approximate symmetries of the system of geodesic equations for the Reissner-Nordström (RN) spacetime are studied. It is shown that in the second-order approximation, energy must be rescaled for the RN spacetime. Then the approximate symmetries of a Lagrangian for the geodesic equations in the Kerr spacetime are investigated. Taking the Minkowski spacetime as the exact case, it is shown that the symmetry algebra of the Lagrangian is 17 dimensional. This algebra is related to the 15 dimensional algebra of conformal isometries of the Minkowski spacetime. First introducing spin angular momentum per unit mass as a small parameter first-order approximate symmetries of the Kerr spacetime as a first perturbation of the Schwarzschild spacetime are considered. We then investigate the second-order approximate symmetries of the Kerr spacetime as a second perturbation of the Minkowski spacetime. Next, second-order approximate symmetries of the system of geodesic equations for the charged-Kerr spacetime are investigated. A rescaling of the arc length parameter for consistency of the trivial second-order approximate symmetries of the geodesic equations indicates that the energy in the charged-Kerr spacetime has to be rescaled. Since gravitational wave spacetimes are time-varying vacuum solutions of Einstein''s field equations, there is no unambiguous means to define their energy content. Here a definition, using slightly broken Noether symmetries is proposed. A problem is noted with the use of the proposal for plane-fronted gravitational waves. To attain a better understanding of the implications of this proposal we also use an artificially constructed time-varying non-vacuum plane symmetric metric and evaluate its Weyl and stress-energy tensors so as to obtain the gravitational and matter components separately and compare them with the energy content obtained by our proposal. The procedure is also used for cylindrical gravitational wave solutions. The usefulness of the definition is demonstrated by the fact that it leads to a result on whether gravitational waves suffer self-damping.