کلیاتِ مکاتیبِ اقبال مرتبہ سید مظفر حسین برنی کا تنقیدی جائز
تحقیق اور تنقید کا کام ایمانداری اور خلوص کا طلبگار ہوتا ہے۔تدوین و ترتیب سے مفکر کے نظریات کو محفوظ کر لیا جاتا ہے۔برنی نے اقبال کے خطوط مرتب کیے۔ یہ اہم ادبی کارنامہ ہے جو قابلِ تحسین ہے۔آپ کے اس کام پر مثبت اور منفی ہر دو طرح کی رائیں پائی جاتی ہیں۔ خطوط مرتب کرنا آسان کام نہیں تھا۔اقبال کے خطوط کا دائرہ بہت وسیع ہے۔انہیں یک جا کرنا بہت مشکل تھا۔برنی نے بہت ہی دشوار راہوں سے گزر کر یہ مرحلہ طے کیا ہے۔اس طرح اقبال کے خطوط تک رسائی آسان ہوئی ہے۔ کام طویل تھا اس لیے اغلاط بھی سرزد ہوئی ہیں۔کچھ کی نشاندہی بھی ہوئی ہے۔ برنی کی مرتبہ یہ کاوش تحقیق و تنقید کے نئے راستے استوار کرتی ہے۔ اس سے اقبالیات کا دامن کشادہ ہوا ہے۔
سید مظفر حسین برنی نے اقبال کے خطوط کو بڑی محنت اور جاں فشانی سے جمع کیا اور پھر انہیں تاریخی ترتیب سے درج کیا ہے۔یقینا ًاہل علم اس کاوش کو قدر کی نگاہ سے دیکھتے رہیں گے۔اقبال کے خطوط ایک پوری دستاویز کی حیثیت سے محفوظ رکھے جاتے ہیں کیونکہ اقبال نے اپنے خطوط کے ذریعے ملتِ اسلامیہ کے لیے درد مندی‘ ان کی علمی اور ذہنی ترقی‘ان کے ماضی کے عظیم کارناموں کی بازیافت‘ بعض اہم موضوعات پر مسلمانوں کے کیے ہوئے کام کو ازسر نو زندہ کرنے اور بعض مسائل پر بزرگوں سے رہنمائی لینے اور متعد د نو جوانوں کو شعروادب، فلسفہ و سیاست،علم وفن کے سلسلے میں رہنمائی دینے کا فریضہ بھی ادا کیا۔ اقبال کے ان خطوط کا مقصد بھی مسلمانوں کی حیاتِ اجتماعیہ کی تشکیلِ نو کے اسباب کی دریافت تھی اور ان کے لیے خطوط کے ذریعے ایک راہِ عمل متعین کرنا، اقبال کے پیشِ...
Islam is a complete code of life which provides complete guidance in all aspects of human life. The discipline of economics was given particular importance in Islam as most of the human activities revolved around it that could also be seen practically around the globe. The major responsibility of under taking the financial matters was laid on men according to teachings of Islam. The core purpose of this academic work was to explore the Islamic view point about the woman economic activities. The study was basically designed to address that whether Islam permitted women to take part in economic affairs or not? The article provided a guideline for cotemporary women in the light of economic activities of Ṣaḥābiyāt that how the today’s women could take part into various domains of financial matters by keeping in view the life and economic activities of Ṣaḥābiyāt. The descriptive and analytical research methodology was employed for the collection and analysis of data. The review of literature revealed that men were primarily responsible for economic matters, however women could do the job by following the instruction of Islamic teachings. It was also found that the women could actively take part in various economic fields including; trade, agriculture, medical science, and education. In the light of above findings the research recommended that Government should take some serious measures by making economic arrangements and providing Islamic environment for work in order to accommodate the needy, poor, widows and oppressed women of society. On one hand, it would be beneficial for the financial support of their family while on the other hand, enhance the production of country. Finally it must be kept in view that family system should not be ruined due to job of a woman.
Preparation, Characterization and In vitro Evaluation of Novel Drug Delivery System Using As-synthesized, Surface Modified and Regenerated Bacterial Cellulose Cellulose is the most abundant and renewable polymer produced by plants and certain bacterial species, i.e., Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, Sarcina and Gluconacetobacter, and is known as bacterial cellulose (BC). BC is free from pectin, lignin and hemicellulose and chemically identical to plant based cellulose (PC). It is produced as swollen membrane having well organized fibrous network, higher water holding capacity, higher crystallinity and tensile strength, and moldable into desired shape. BC finds various applications in cosmetics, bioelectronics, e-paper preparation, digital displays, biomedical sciences, enzymes immobilization, proteins and drug delivery system. The formulation and manufacture of conventional tablet dosage forms have limitation such as multistep processing, involvement of heavy machinery and labour and time consumption. In addition, numbers of excipients are added in conventional table for design in desired shape and drug delivery, which may have the issue of interactions of excipients with drugs as well other excipients. These interactions may cause processing problems, dosage form instability, poor drug solubility, which lead to poor drug absorption. In the current work, the drug loaded BC matrices for designing novel drug delivery system in as-synthesize, surface modified and regenerated form using famotidine (low water soluble) and tizanidine (highly water soluble) as model drugs. In the first phase of this research studies, BC matrices (12 mm diameter) were prepared and loaded with model drugs. The successful drug loading and uniform distribution into the matrices was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-rays diffractometer (XRD). Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed the chemical and thermal stability of the BC-drug matrices, respectively. Percent drug loading of various matrices was in the range of 18.10–67.64%. Similarly, the friability test results were in the range of 0.69–0.83% and 0.14–0.89%, for 20 and 40 mg/ml famotidine loaded matrices respectively, while no weight loss for formulations loaded with 6 mg/ml tizanidine. These weight loss values are below 1%, which is the maximum limit for tablets dosage form as per USP specifications. In-vitro dissolution studies showed more than 80% drug release in the initial 15 min for BC matrices and commercial formulations, following immediate release criteria. In case of in-vitro permeation studies, BC matrices (8 mm diameter) released most of the drug (above 90%) in 10h for famotidine loaded matrices and 8h for tizanidine loaded matrices. In the second phase, BC matrices were surface modified and loaded with model drugs. FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TGA confirmed the successful drug loading, chemical and thermal stability of the drug loaded BC matrices. Percent drug loading was 13.83±1.13% to 50.25±1.82% for famotidine loaded matrices and, 10.16±0.58% to 32.15±4.79% for tizanidine loaded matrices. No drug loss was observed during friability test. The in-vitro dissolution studies using USP type-II dissolution apparatus showed drug release (more than 80%) in 0.5–3h for famotidine loaded matrices and 0.25–0.5h for tizanidine loaded matrices. In the case of permeation studies, all the matrices released most of the drug content in 3h. In the final phase, BC was regenerated using N-methyl-morpholine-oxide (NMMO) solution and loaded with model drug famotidine or tizanidine to prepare regenerated BC (R-BC) matrices. Percent drug loading for R-BC-famotidine matrices was 22.97±0.81% to 27.70±3.24%, and 17.65±1.80% to 28.32±1.00% for R-BC tizanidine matrices, respectively. The friability test data does not show any weight loss from the matrices. Characterization with FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TGA revealed the stability of matrices and successful drug loading. Results of the in-vitro dissolution studies showed drug release (more than 90%) in 0.5h, while Franz cells data revealed that most of the drug (> 90%) was released in 4h for famotidine and 7h for tizanidine, respectively. Various mathematical models including zero order, first order, Higuchi model and Korsmeyer-Peppas model were applied to study the drug release mechanism. The drug release of all the experiment was best fit into first order kinetics model with R2 value greater than 0.997.