Development of Kabul under Mughals 1504-1738 AD

Kabul was a bridge between Indian Mughal Empire and Central Asia, the ancestral homeland of the founder of the Mughal Empire. Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, carries about 3,500 years old historical records mentioning Kabul with different names like, Kubha, Gandahara, Kabura, Ortospana, Kapul, Zavul, and Zabul etc. Many great warriors and conquerors from Central Asia used Kabul as their route to India. It was also known as a gateway to India and Central Asia. Kabul became the foundation stone for the Mughal Empire in India. During the Mughal era Kabul entered into a new phase and with the invasion of Babur the area got the position of the capital of the Mughals. The early Mughal rulers paid much attention to the affairs of Kabul, because their existence to a greater extent was dependent on their strong hold over Kabul. The research work is focused on development of Kabul under Mughal kings particularly Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.  The later Mughal kings after Aurangzeb were not able to end political disturbances in Kabul which not only displeased the people of Kabul but also encouraged the neighbouring powers to invade the valley. Historical and analytical methods are used in this research and Pashtu, Dari, Urdu and English sources have been utilized to gauge development of Kabul during that point in time. No research work has been carried out on this aspect of Kabul so far. The analysis of the development of Kabul under Mughals brings to limelight the geostrategic and politico-economic worth of Kabul as an important Caravanserai on the trade route between Central and South Asia.

A Hybrid Agile Model for Mobile Application Development

The demand of mobile technology is growing with the passage of time and various operating systems with multiple versions are already available in the market. Moreover, there is huge influx of mobile applications to the market. To ensure the quality of these apps, an appropriate Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) is needed. The current software development processes are not appropriate for developing mobile apps, primarily, due to inherent complexities of these apps. Therefore, instead of using the conventional SDLC models, there is a need to come up with a new model that could lead to a successful mobile app development. In this research, a Hybrid Agile Development Model (HADM) is proposed for the development of high quality mobile apps. The proposed model minimizes the occurrences of bugs during mobile apps development that are normally handled at the later stages. The reason for developing HADM is its simplicity and highly responsive nature. In order to validate the proposed model, a survey was conducted to get expert opinion from different software development organizations and professionals. Results show that 52 (86.6%) out of 60 experts were in favour of (HADM) with their highest preference, 4(6.6%) experts were not sure about the model validity and only 4 (6.6%) experts went against the model