مولوی محمد اسمٰعیل میرٹھی
بقول علامہ مرحوم، مولانا حالی کے بعد کسی نے سننے کے لائق کچھ کہا ہے، تو وہ مولوی محمد اسمٰعیل صاحب میرٹھی ہیں، افسوس کہ دوسرا حالی بھی اس مہینہ ہماری دنیا سے رخصت ہوگیا، مرحوم کا سہل و رواں کلام ہمارے بچوں کا ابتدائی سبق تھا، وہ اپنی پیرانہ سالی کی مرتعش زبان سے چھوٹے چھوٹے بچوں کو اس پیار سے سمجھاتے تھے کہ وہ نصیحت کی گرانباری کو کھلونا سمجھ کر اٹھا لیتے تھے، افسوس کہ یہ کھلونے بنانے والا بھی اب نہ رہا، سرکاری خدمت سے گوشہ نشین ہوکر وہ ہمہ تن علمی خدمات میں مصروف ہوگئے تھے، تدوین کلام خسرو کے سلسلہ میں قران السعدین کی تقریظ و تحشیہ سے فارغ ہوکر حیات خسرو کی ترتیب میں مصروف تھے، اس کے علاوہ قواعد اردو اور لغات اردو کی تکمیل کا کام شروع ہورہا تھا، جو افسوس کہ ناتمام رہا، میرٹھ میں ایک مدرسہ بنات المسلمین بھی آپ کے اعمال حسنہ کی یادگار ہے۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۱۷ء)
Human papilloma virus (HPV) related head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) has varying etiology, genetic as well as environmental factors involved and differential clinicicopathological features. HNSCC came in the limelight recently due to increased incidence rate and insufficient diagnostic methods. This review will comprehensively focus on the characteristics of HPV associated HNSCC. It will provide an updated review of our understanding of HPV role in Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) known to date. Curruntly, three vaccines are available (Gardasil, Gardasil 9 and Cervarix). These vaccines prevent infections with HPV types 16 and 18 HPV-16 is most common type associated with HNSCC. HPV related HNSCC has better prognosis, does not mutate but inactivatestumor suppressor genes and therefore has comparatively better treatment options. However, there is still a need to improve our methods of sampling, HPV molecular assay and type of specimen to be used.
This exploratory study is about understanding the notion of becoming a teacher educator in the public sector teacher education institutions in Karachi, Pakistan. It addresses research questions such as: (a) Who are teacher educators and how do they become teacher educators in public sector institutions in Karachi, Pakistan? and (b) What do teacher educators do and how do they construe their role(s) as teacher educators?
The study was carried out in two consecutive phases. The first phase was a survey whereby data were gathered through a questionnaire administered to all teacher educators (N = 136) working in the Government Colleges of Education and Government Elementary Colleges of Education under the Provincial and City District Government systems in Karachi, Pakistan. A descriptive analysis of the data provided a macro (bigger) picture of the teacher educators' backgrounds and their work contexts. This phase also helped in identifying individuals for the micro (individual) level analysis in the second phase which was a life history study of six teacher educators working in the two systems.
Findings showcase differences with respect to teacher educators' profiles as well as availability of resources across and within the systems. It was found that individuals enter into the profession through inspiration from their own teacher educators and considering the role of teacher educators better than that of school teachers. They face challenges during the transition from school teaching to teacher education due to the demands and practices in the culture and context of the institutions. They experience duality and restrictions in their practices and establish a marginalized professional identity due to the nature of their work located in the academia of higher education as well as in the everyday life of schools. In this regard, their knowledge base seems to be tacit, stemming from their experience of teaching in schools.
The study suggests implications for policy makers to bring about changes in the recruitment and professional development of teacher educators, and to equip the institutions with required resources.