Power Generation of Pure Sine Wave in Batteryless Solar System using Advanced Control

A novel technique for conversion of DC power to AC power is introduced using solar powered sine wave generation system is presented. DC power extracted from solar system is made utilitarian for driving the BLDC (brushless DC) motor with constant speed constraints. The back EMF signals of each phase of the BLDC motor facilitated the development of technique for the sine wave generation from solar system without battery backup. This motor is coupled with AC generator, which yields the AC power on demand. The constant speed constraint indispensable for fixed electrical frequency at the output of generator. A new control technique is rendered for reference tracking speed control of BLDC motor using Lyapunov theory by changing switching frequency, and also maintaining the voltage level at the output of converter driving BLDC by regulating the switching frequency of the zeta converter. The proposed methodology for generation of AC power from solar power system is also tested on prototype. The comparison of conventional technique for generation of sine wave power and proposed scheme is mentioned at later section of this paper for describing the efficacy of newly presented scheme.

Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Cefixime in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers

In present study pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two brands of cefixime i.e. Cefspan and Ceforal-3 were investigated in adult healthy female and male subjects. Plasma concentration of Cefixime was determined by HPLC method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated following one compartment open model. The half life values were found 3.99±0.54 hr and 3.12±0.39 hr in local adult female subjects and 5.01±0.361 hr and 4.72±0.72 hr in healthy adult male subjects following administration of Cefspan and Ceforal-3, respectively. The values of Vd in local adult female and male volunteers were 1.38±0.22 l/kg and 1.10±0.15 l/kg, respectively, for Cefspan and 1.36±0.17 l/kg and 1.29±0.21 l/kg, respectively, for Ceforal-3. The values of ClB for Cefspan and Ceforal-3 were 0.27±0.02 l/hr/kg and 0.31±0.02 l/hr/kg, respectively, in local females and 0.16±0.02 l/hr/kg and 0.21±0.04 l/hr/kg, respectively, in local males. The values of Cmax were found 2.24±0.23 μg/ml and 2.08±0.16 μg/ml in local adult female subjects and 2.93±0.24 μg/ml and 2.53±0.31 μg/ml in healthy adult male subjects for cefspan and ceforal-3, respectively. The values of Tmax were 4.05±0.35 hr and 4.11±0.16 hr for cefspan and 3.87±0.32 hr and 3.95±0.26 hr for Ceforal-3 after oral administration in local adult female and male volunteers, respectively. The values of AUC for Cefspan and Ceforal -3 were 27.12±2.25 μg.hr/ml and 23.99±1.07 μg.hr/ml, respectively, in local females and 36.58±3.10 μg.hr/ml and 32.99±5.01 μg.hr/ml, respectively, in local males. In indigenous male and female human beings, pharmacokinetic and bioavailability parameters of cefixime showed different values than those reported in literature reflecting environmental and genetic influence. Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability parameters of cefixime also showed gender variation. Moreover both brands of cefixime used in present study were found bioequivalent in either gender.