بر صغیر پاک و ہند میں اردو میں ترجمہ و تفاسیر کا آغاز سولھویں صدی عیسوی میں ہوا لیکن یہ متفرق سورتوں اور پاروں سے آگے نہ بڑھ سکا۔ اردو زبان میں سب سے پہلا تشریحی ترجمہ حکیم محمد شریف خان بن محمد اکمل خان(م۱۲۲۲ھ) نے لکھا۔ یہ ترجمہ شائع نہیں ہوا اور ان کے خاندان میں محفوظ ہے۔ ہندوستان میں پہلی اردو تفسیر، چراغ ابدی ہے جو مولوی عزیز اللہ ہمرنگ اورنگ آبادی نے ۱۲۲۱ھ میں لکھی۔ یہ صرف تیسویں پارے کی تفسیر ہے۔ اسی طرح شاہ مراد اللہ انصاری سنبھلی کی تصنیف خدائی نعمت بہ معروف تفسیر مرادی بہت مقبول ہوئی۔ یہ بھی تیسویں پارے کی تفسیر ہے اور تین سو صفحات پر مشتمل ہے۔ یہ۱۱۸۵ھ میں مکمل ہوئی۔
ہندوستان کے معروف محدث شاہ ولی اللہ کے فرزند شاہ رفیع الدین (م۱۲۳۲ھ۱۸۱۷ء )نے ۱۲۰۰ھ میں قرآن مجید کا ترجمہ لکھا جو کہ مختصر اور جامع لفظی ترجمہ ہے۔ شاہ رفیع الدین کے چھوٹے بھائی شاہ عبدالقادر (۱۲۳۰ھ، ۱۸۱۵ء ) نے ۱۲۰۵ھ میں موضح قرآن کے نام سے اردو زبان میں قرآن کا ترجمہ اور حواشی لکھے۔ شاہ صاحب کا یہ ترجمہ اپنے دور کے لحاظ سے بہترین ترجمہ ہے۔ اس میں عربی الفاظ کے مناسب ترین اردو اور ہندی مترادفات کو استعمال کیا گیا ہے۔ شاہ عبدالقادر کی اس تصنیف کو اردو زبان کی پہلی مکمل تفسیر قرار دیا جا سکتا ہے۔ سر سید احمد خان (۱۸۱۷ء۔ ۱۸۹۸ء)کی تفسیر"تفسیر القرآن" بدلتے ہوئے حالات کے تناظر میں خصوصی اہمیت رکھتی ہے۔ اس کی پہلی جلد ۱۸۸۰ء میں شائع ہوئی۔ سرسید احمد خان کا دور مسلمانوں کے انحطاط اور انگریزی غلبے کی وجہ سے کش مکش کا دور تھا۔ جدید تہذیب کے زیر اثر عقلیت پسندی اور قدیم روایات سے انحراف کی کئی مثالیں سامنے آ رہی تھیں۔ اس عہد کی تفاسیر...
Electrical energy is the most efficient and the cleanest form of energy at the moment that is being transmitted and distributed amongst end-users. From its earlier days, the AC system was preferred as an economical solution for transmission and distribution. However, the development in the power electronics technology and the evolution of highly efficient power electronic converters have established the resurgence of DC power system. Furthermore, the trend is shifting towards DC loads as various energy efficient appliances, such as DC inverter air conditioners, operate on DC nowadays. This further advocates the shift towards the DC power system. This research works is an effort to perform the comparative analysis of AC Distribution System (ACDS) and DC Distribution System (DCDS), with regards to power quality and harmonic distortion in particular. The comparison is performed considering load profile and load variation on daily basis. Simulations are performed in MATLAB. It has been concluded at the end that ACDS is better than DCDS in terms of power quality as total harmonic distortion of the DCDS under the same loading and same load variation during the whole day was significantly higher than that of ACDS.
Three new series of ligands (derived from amino acids) have been synthesized from view point of their structural and biological studies. The first series belongs to amide derivatives of amino acids (A1-A9), second belongs to urea derivatives of amino acids (A10-A18) and the third one belongs to thiourea derivatives of amino acids (A19-A30). Tributyltin(IV) and bismuth(III) derivatives of these ligands have also been prepared in good yields by refluxing the respective ligand with bismuth(III) chloride or tributyltin(IV) chloride in presence of potassium hydroxide in appropriate stoichiometric ratios in dry methanol as solvent. The structure of the synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, ICP-OES, FT-IR, multinuclear (1H, 13C, 119Sn) NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Based on these results, the synthesis of ligands have been confirmed and the data also suggested that these ligands appeared to coordinate the bismuth and tin centers through the oxygen of carboxylate moiety. The tributyltin(IV) derivatives mostly demonstrate tetrahedral geometry both in solid and solution state. Whereas octahedral geometry was proposed for bismuth(III) complexes both in solid and solution state based on single crystal X-ray analysis, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy respectively. Finally the biological activity tests such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, enzyme inhibition and lethality bioassays for majority of the synthesized ligands were carried out and found some encouraging results. All of the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their potential as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agents against different strains of bacteria and fungi. Both of the tributyltin(IV) and bismuth(III) complexes have shown good to significant anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties and some of them were found to be more potent than standard drugs available in markeet. It was observed that tributyltin(IV) complexes have shown slightly better activities than bismuth(III) complexes. These results propose that these compounds may be utilized as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agents in future in the wake of following the medication improvement methodologies. Anti-oxidant potential of these newly synthesized compounds was also evaluated and some of them exhibited significant anti-oxidant activity. viii These compounds were also examined for their α-glucosidase inhibition, urease inhibition and lipoxygenase inhibition activity and some of the compounds showed excellent results in inhibiting these enzymes, even more than the standard drugs. Some compounds from all the series were tested for anti-tubercular activity and show poor activity. They were also assayed for their brine shrimp lethality test and data suggests that the compounds show low toxicity. However the data pertaining to bioassay tests for all the synthesized compounds exhibiting some encouraging results and may be trialed further in drug discovering processes to find out the lead compounds by modifying/altering their structural motifs.