1۔قتل عمد
کوئی شخص ، کسی کو ایسے ہتھیار سے مارے جس کی ضرب سے عام طور پر انسان مرجاتا ہے اور اس ضرب سے اس کو مارنے کا ارادہ بھی رکھتاہو، تو یہ قتل عمد کہلائے گا۔ یہ قتل کی سب سے مہلک قسم ہے اور اس پر سب سے زیادہ سزا رکھی گئی ہے تاکہ کوئی بھی انسانی جان کو قتل کرنے کی کو شش نہ کرے۔
The Concept of Collective Ijtihad and Introduction to Prominent Institutions in the Muslim World for resolving contemporary jurisprudential issues is a burning issue these days. Ijtihad is the effort made by the mujtahid in seeking knowledge of the ahkam (rules) of the Shariah through interpretation. It is a known fact the ahkam specifically and explicitly prescribed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah are limited, and as human society evolves, new problems come to the fore. This is the responsibility of mujtahid to present solution of the problems in the light of the rules and principles prescribed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah. This endeavor can take place in three shapes, first by an individual effort of a mujtahid, second by a group of in the form of collective ijtihad while its more advanced shape is the consensus (ijma’a) of all the mujtahidin of the time. In this article all the three modes of ijtihad have been discussed and it has been concluded and suggested that the best option for resolving the issues faced by the Muslim Ummah is collective Ijtihad due its easy implementation. This also helps in avoiding many complications while seeking consensus (Ijma’a) in present day time. In this article a list of the problems have been given which need immediate attention of the Muslim scholars, while in the last part introduction of some prominent institutions of the Muslim World have been given with elaboration of their objectives.
This research was undertaken to observe the antifertility potential of neem oil in males and females , 96 albino rats were used in this study. The animals were administered with two different doses of neem oil orally once at the beginning of study. The animals were divided in different groups (A) treated female with treated males, (B) untreated females with treated males, (C)treated females with untreated males and(D) untreated females with untreated males (Control).They left in the same cage for a period of six weeks. The blood was drawn by cardiac puncture, for the estimation of serum concentration of reproductive hormones in male and females including FSH, LH, Estradiol, Progesterone and testosterone. Animals were scarificed and the female and male gonads were removed for the histological study and analytical purpose to determine the quantity of the active components in tissues. Hormonal analysis revealed significantly increased levels of FSH in low and high dose treated females and significantly decreased levels of estradiol and progesterone in animals treated at high dose. In the males significantly decreased hormone levels were only found amongst high dose treated animals. HPLC has demonstrated the presence of high concentration of neem compounds Azadirachtin & Azadirichtinin in the ovaries. In males these compounds have been shown in high concentration as compared to control males but with much in less concentration as compared to treated females. The histological sections of the gonads have also revealed significant decrease in the number of mature follicles in females and seminiferous tubular diameter in males in the treated animals. None of the females treated at high dose conceived during the present study. From these findings it can be concluded that neem oil has a dose depended antifertility potential.