جدید قانونی تصورات پر مذہب اور اخلاق کا اثر: مغربی اور اسلامی تناظر میں ایک تقابلی و تنقیدی جائزہ

Authority is the centerpiece of the law as well as legal system. It cannot be properly understood without adequate understanding of the structure of authority that underlies it. The role of moral and religious values in the law has been a vital issue in classical as well as contemporary legal philosophy. Discussion about the theoretical foundation of the law remains a key issue in the modern legal thinking as a legal system is considered to have emerged from cultural contexts. Western legal systems are broadly grounded in to the Judo-Christian and Greco-Roman cultures. Though a fundamental change took place in the Western Europe as cultural traditions which affected the very nature of law both as a political institution and as an intellectual concept. The creation of modern legal systems was, in the first instance, a response to revolutionary change within the church and its relation with the secular authority. It led to bifurcation of social morality and religion in the modern law. Now most of the modern theories are based on this concept. The present paper presents a study of the origins of the Islamic law as well as the contemporary western legal thought in connection with religion and ethics. The conflict about moral and religious values reflects their code of life and concept of religions. In Islamic law authority-which is at once religious and moral is the will of the creator which is basic source of Islamic law, However, Fuqahᾱ differentiate between legal and moral values

Rewards and Creativity: the Next Step

Though research has shown a consistent and positive relationship between intrinsic rewards and creative behavior, the research to explore the impact of extrinsic rewards on creative behavior has yielded mixed and non-conclusive results. The mechanisms and psychological processes through which rewards affect creative behavior and the boundary conditions within which rewards trigger creative behavior are largely unknown. Most of the reward – creative behavior research is based on three assumptions, a- The relationship between rewards and creative behavior is direct and un-moderated, b- Rewards have same impact on individuals, irrespective of their dispositional differences and contextual settings, and c- All types of rewards produce similar type of creative behavior. This study challenges all of these assumptions and forwards the reward - creativity research by identifying factors that mediate and moderate the relationship between rewards and creative behavior. The results based on the data collected through survey forms from 260 employees and their supervisors, suggest that rewards affect individuals differently, depending on their personal dispositions and on contextual factors. The study shows that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards produce different types of creative behavior. The results also show that contextual and personal variables such as organizational climate, locus of control and goal orientation affect the relationship between rewards and creative behavior. Thus, the study makes it clear that impact of rewards on creative behavior depends on several personal and contextual factors and ranges from significant positive to significant negative. The study guides managers about how to use rewards to enhance creative behavior of their employees, and how to trigger different types of creative behaviors, byiv aligning rewards with personal and contextual factors. The study advances the reward - creativity debate from cognitive – behaviorism dichotomy to the social cognitive paradigm.