مسلم دورِحکمرانی ميں تعليمات نبویﷺ سے اخذ شدہ سراغ رسانی کے رہنما اصول

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department if related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article recounts the intelligence systems and management of the resources of secret services of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) and, thereafter, the Muslims rulers. Furthermore, the principles derived from the era of the companions of the Holy Prophet (SAW) regarding intelligence system have also been discussed in this chapter. The guiding principles that are still valid even today includes: (a) Training of Personnel Since espionage helps to strengthen the roots of a state and protect it from its enemies, therefore it requires a team of well trained professionals with latest technology and trends. Islam emphasized on two aspects of early warning, one is professional and the other is ethical.(b) Counter Espionage. An Islamic state must have an effective network of espionage to keep an eye on all the activities of the enemy. This is known as counter espionage. (c) Reconnaissance. This aims at the fore knowledge of the intentions of the enemy so that one can have a better planning in case of an attack. (d) Verification of Information. Information from an agent should be verified from other sources. An operative may feed false information due to lack of experience and competency and that may create an embarrassing situation. (e) Security of Information. Don’t share your secret, try to protect them. If national secrets are compromised they may cause an extensive damage to national interest. (f) Interrogation of POW. Whenever enemy spies or soldiers are arrested in a war they should be interrogated for extraction of information. They may be subjected to mental stress. (g) Fore Warning of the Enemy. This requires the launching of own agents in the enemy ranks for knowledge of their future plan likes attacks. (h)Treatment of Spies. If anyone is found to be guilty of spying for enemy, he may be penalized with death punishment.

Triple Gem Detector Electronics & Control System for Cms Forward Muon Upgrade

The European laboratory for nuclear research, (CERN) is the world''s largest par- ticle physics laboratory, having complex particle accelerators and detectors. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the two general purpose detectors in- stalled at Large Hadron Collider (LHC). After the discovery of Higgs Boson at the LHC in 2012, upgrade intended towards high luminosity in order tond the new particle which is believed to greatly extend the potential to study the properties of the Higgs Boson. High Luminosity LHC (HL LHC) conditions will severely a ect the performance of the CMS muon system and other detectors, especially in the very forward region where the magneticeld is low and the particle rate is high. Research and development topics/projects proposed by the CMS GEM Collabora- tion aimed to design, develop and test GE1/1 detectors, on-odetector electronic hardware architectures and detector control system (DCS), most suited to muon end-caps upgrade. Therefore, these three topics/projects were explored during this research and development work. First project included assembly and testing of the small and large GE1/1 detec- tors. The CMS high eta region requirements for muon detector were demanding in terms of particle rates and integrated charges. Research work reported in literature indicated that the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) has relatively better capability to handle the huge particle rates. Originally it consisted of a thin composite sheet with two copper layers separated by a thin insulator and perforated by a regular matrix of holes. After extensive research and experimentation it was found out that the gain of existing GEM detector can be improved with the integration of three GEM foils in a single detector later named as Triple GEM. After several tests with small (10 X 10 cm2) and large sizes (9 X (22 - 44.5) cm2) GEM detector''s e ciency of 98% and 9 ns time resolution were achieved. For bulk production of GEM detectors, procedures and quality control steps were de ned, including gain uniformity, time resolution, spatial resolution and detector e ciency. This particular research and development work led to an on-odetector electronic hard- ware architectures development with the performance expected by the CMS GEM readout system that included timing resolution and e ciency. Sharing of data between DAQ and Detector Control System (DCS) is carried out using the Cross DAQ (xDAQ) software. The third project was aimed to develop new DCS for GE1/1 detectors. The cor- rect and safe operation of the GEM system required a sophisticated and powerful online DCS system. The GEM DCS is to monitor the detector conditions and per- formance, control and monitor all subsystems related to GEM and their electronics and store all the information in a dedicated database, called Conditional database. Therefore, the GEM DCS system has to assure the safe and correct operation of the sub-detectors during all CMS life time (more than 10 year), detect abnormal and harmful conditions and take corrective measures and automatic actions to minimize consequential damages. After an extensive research and development work a new DCS system was developed, connected with GEM detector and tested in the GEM assembly and quality assurance labs. The results obtained were saved in the conditional database for future analysis. Major challenges were to integrate di erent parts with each other and to put them in general CMS control system and linking the whole assembly to data acquisition framework. Finally, the entire research and development work led to the successful completion of design, development and testing of Triple GEM Detector''s Electronics and its Control System for CMS forward muon upgrade.