قرآن کریم میں مذکورہ انبیا ء کرام کے واقعات سراغ رسانی

Intelligence system is considered to be one of the important tools used by military and civil secret agencies to defend and strengthen a nation. Intelligence system is thought to be one of the oldest studies of known history. Intelligence system consists of correct and accurate information, gathered after great struggle and facing difficulties. This department is related to both peace and war. Intelligence is a basis of formulating all military strategies and plans. The importance of Intelligence system both in day to day life and as a nation cannot be overemphasized. This article narrates the history of espionage, which is as old as the history of mankind itself. Five thousand years ago, the Egyptians has a well-organized secret service. In the ancient western country, it was called as; hakim’, in Spain (Undles) as ‘Sahib al Madina’, in Tunis as ‘Ray’ and in Iran the as “Areef”. Nowadays it is known as ‘Muqadama-Tul-Haaraat’, Salaf-Us-Saliheen calls its “Shurtaa” and some calls it as ‘Sahib al-us-us’ as they use to move throughout the night to look for anti-state elements. The first ever victim of intelligence warfare was Hazrat Adam (A) where Satan revolt against him. Similarly, the incident of Hazrat Yousaf (A) is the indication of old age practice of espionage. Due to jealousy, his brothers sold him as slave and told their father that he has been eaten alive by a wolf. Hazrat Musa (A) had his network of espionage. Even birds had been used for spying, like in the case of Hazrat Suleman (A) where he was informed by the hopp bird about the Queen of Saba. The study of the Bible reveals that instead of Hazrat Eessa (A), Yehuda Skruti was crucified but still nobody knows for sure that whether he was a true follower of the Jesus or was an implanted agent of the Romans Intelligence Agency. Anyhow, Bible declared him as a Roman spy. The ongoing tribal wars in ancient Arabs further emphasized this activity. The rest of the world had already well developed intelligence system. But in Arab, it was in its development phase and it was the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who got it from his ancestors and developed it. In addition to the intelligence systems of the early prophets, the relevant events in the realm of Nijashi of Habsha and Alexander the Great, have been narrated in this article.

Molecular and Biochemical Analyses of Cross Adaptation Mechanism S for Salt Tolerance in Rice Oryza Sativa L. Cell Lines

In the present research work cell lines of Oryza sativa cv. Swat-1 were incrementally adapted to osmotic (20 % PEG) and ion toxicity (20 mM LiCl) stresses to study the mechanisms of sequential tolerance and cross adaptation. The adapted cell lines were growing on respective stresses over a period of 55 passages and their tolerance was stable at least up to 6th generation on stress free medium. The physiological characterization of cell lines showed a substantial increase in proline and Ca++ levels and significant reduction in K+ and Mg++ contents on adaptation to PEG stress, while no prominent differences in accumulating organic and inorganic cytosolutes were observed between unadapted and LiCl adapted cell lines. Adaptation to PEG and LiCl was evident by appearance of six different polypeptides, among these four polypeptide bands 15, 17, 26 and 68 kDa were common, while, other two novel proteins 60 kDa, and 32 kDa were unique to PEG and LiCl adapted cell lines, respectively. None of these polypeptide were detectable in unadapted cell lines. At the molecular level the PCR amplification results using seven set of SSR primers for saltol region of chromosome 1 of rice revealed no polymorphism in adapted and unadapted cell lines. When adapted and unadapted cell lines were exposed to 200 mM NaCl with an iso-osmotic effect to 20 % PEG and an osmotic effect 10 times higher than 20 mM LiCl in addition to toxicity effects for two consecutive passages. The tolerance of both adapted lines was similar but significantly greater than tolerance of unadapted cells line. On exposure to subsequent second NaCl stress unadapted cells line failed to survive but the tolerance of adapted cell lines increased, expressing the phenomenon of sequential tolerance. Overall, no qualitative differences were observed among adapted and unadapted cell lines under salt stress. However, the patterns of response of adapted and unadapted cell lines to osmotic and ionic homeostasis to tolerate NaCl were greatly different. PEG adapted cells line appeared to acquire halophytic behavior of a salt accumulator, in contrast LiCl adapted line behaved like a typical salt tolerant glycophyte. Furthermore, the induced tolerance of adapted lines were not restricted to the same type of stress but showed cross tolerance towards other abiotic stresses.