Maulᾱna Waḥῑduddῑn Khᾱn’s Views on Relation Between Islam and Secularism

The article explores views of Maulᾱna Waḥῑduddῑn Khᾱn on relation between Islam and secularism as there is no specification of his thoughts on the above issue as critics and other scholars tend to show confusion when they approach Khᾱn’s thoughts from that specific angle. Maulᾱna Waḥῑduddῑn Khᾱn is an Indian religious scholar and peace activist who is alive and known for his modern, cosmopolitan and peaceful thoughts. In this article the scattered and disjointed views of Khᾱn on relation between Islam and secularism have been portrayed as to give context to his original views and show his actual stance which might remove the confusion prevalent amongst intellectuals and scholars as to spot Khᾱn’s basic stance on the above issue. The definition and different experiences of secularism has been shortly described along with projection of diversity of stance from other Muslim scholars as to broaden the very background of the issue. Later the views of Khᾱn and his approach to the issue have been presented. The article will throw light that how Khᾱn perceives the issue of relation between Islam and secularism and what is the point of convergence and divergence between Islam and secularism. This article will also highlight that whether he deals the topic on the basis of creed or philosophy or pragmatism and that whether he takes secularism as beneficial or damaging to the interest of Muslims and Islam. The article also shed light on the scheme of Khᾱn that how Muslim should deal with the phenomenon of secularism.

Association Study Between Vitamin D Receptor Gene Apai Polymorphism and Osteoporosis in Population of Lahore

Osteoporosis is known as a chronic and systemic bone disorders. Osteoporosis xiv destroys the bone microarchitecture tissues thus bone becomes so weak that leads the high risk of fractures. Mostly women are affected than men. Osteoporosis and its related fractures has become serious problem in Pakistani elder population and according to survey the prevalence of osteoporosis in our country is 9.9 million and 7.2 million out of them are osteoporotic women. Genes of Vitamin D receptor (VDR) consider as candidate gene for bone mass regulation in osteoporosis. The current study examined the VDR gene polymorphism (ApaI) on PCR-RFLP based on hundred samples among the population of Lahore, city of Pakistan to determine prevalence of osteoporosis and compare the frequency of osteoporosis between genotype and allelic sub-groups. The analysis showed that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) followed HardyWeinberg equilibrium (HWE) that p > 0.05. No significant association was found among case and controls for allelic and genotypic frequency. The case and controls both have almost same frequency of AA, AC and CC genotype. Almost same allelic (A and C) frequency of ApaI also demonstrated no significant association among case and controls. Therefore it was observed that ApaI polymorphic site on VDR gene has no significance relation for osteoporosis in studied patients (p> 0.05). The current study recommended that ApaI VDR genotype could not be candidate gene leading to osteoporosis. The current study is also tried to uncover its associated risk factors that Phosphorus has significance association (p =.006) with normal?and patient (by an independent-sample t-test) hence it has also significant association (p =.026) with age groups (by ANOVA). It means that phosphorus has key function for bones development and bone strength