Immunological memory as the fundamentals of vaccines Immunological memory and vaccines

The immune system also called as the defense system involves many different cells that work as soldiers in an individual. These immune cells provide protection against various pathogens. For better protection of an individual the immune systems has the ability to memorize or remember the pathogen. This ability is known as immunological memory. With the help of immunological memory the immune memory cells remember the antigen and are prepared if there is an encounter with the antigen in future. The immunological memory can be developed against certain strains with the help of different types of vaccines. Such types of vaccines that are currently being used to save lives are, Live attenuated vaccines, Toxoid vaccines, Subunit vaccines, Glyco-conjugated vaccines, and Killed/Inactivated vaccines. These vaccine show different efficiency. Hence, the immunological memory generated after a single vaccination may wear off with time. Multiple numbers of shots are required for the development of long term memory. All these types of vaccines vary from each other in their manufacturing and also in their mechanism of providing long term immunological memory. They show many pros and cons but their advantages are greater than their disadvantages. Thus, are preferred to be used for the betterment of mankind.   

Role of Minorities in the Political System of Pakistan A Case Study of the Christians of Lahore Division

The minorities play a very important role in the development of a country. The minorities in Pakistan have also been playing a very significant role in the development of the sacred homeland, especially the Christian Community, of Lahore Division, being the largest minority has been working side by side with the Muslim and contributing its share in the progress of the country. This research aimed to explore and hi-light services of the Christians of Lahore Division in different fields of life. Qualitative research has been carried out and interviews of the Christians, serving in different departments, have been conducted to explore the role of the Christians in the political system of Pakistan. The results show that they participated very actively in the Pakistan Movement and at the time of partition of the sub-continent they supported the stance of the Muslims unconditionally. After independence, when Muslim refugees were coming to Pakistan, the Christian Community came forward for their help. Since independence, they have been seen working serving the nation in different fields especially in education, health and care, judiciary, defense etc. At present, they are running some worldfamous educational institutions in Lahore. The Christian doctors and nurses are serving the ailing humanity in almost all the hospitals of the Lahore Division. Their role in the defense of the country is also praise-worthy. Some of them have even sacrificed their lives for the sacred homeland. They have given their blood to secure the future of the nation. In the development of the country their contribution is no less than the Muslims’ role but unfortunately, they seem less interested in political process of the country. They have apprehensions about electoral system. The representatives of the Christian Community, in the Assemblies, are selected but not elected. It is a big hindrance in their way to political participation. Moreover, illiteracy, poverty, and social discrimination, etc. are among some of the major hurdles in their way to political participation.