ظلمت سے الجھ پڑنا دامن کو جلا لینا
آ یا نہیں لوگوں کو جگنو سے دعا لینا
دکھ درد نکلتا ہے دکھ درد سنانے سے
تصویر کو کیا کرنا تصویر سے کیا لینا
بالی ترے کانوں کی جھومر ترے ماتھے کا
فتنوں کو ہوا دینا محشر سا اٹھا لینا
یہ رفض ہمارا تھا یہ رفض ہمارا ہے
یا عشق مدد کرنا یا عشق بچا لینا
دنیا کی پہنچ اتنی دنیا کا ہنر اتنا
رستوں کو جدا کرنا دیوار اٹھا لینا
ارمان رہا دل میں حسرت ہی رہی دل میں
اس پیکر ۔مرجاں کو سینے سے لگا لینا
اک عمر گزاری ہے قاسم اسی الجھن میں
دروازہ کھلا رکھنا زنجیر گرا لینا
This research work aims to investigate the impact of privatization on the performing efficiency of MCB Bank Limited Privatization and the phenomenon of denationalization after the failure of socialism and communism globally. As the direction of enteritis was predetermined by state which in long term affected the performance of state-owned entities on many fronts even they reached at the verge of collapse and state was compelled to inject capital for their survival. Ultimately the state took drastic steps and initiated the process of denationalization and privatization to keep the industry intact in the changed scenario. In 1974, during Z.A. Bhutto regime Pakistan’s banking industry was nationalized with prime objective to address the issues of backward segments of economy but unfortunately after privatization industry was used for political motives and witnessed poor performance and financial indiscipline due to frequent interference in the affairs of banks particularly in lending activities and hiring of inefficient human resources. Resultantly banks failed to deliver as per expectation of masses and could not deliver quality customer services on one hand and accumulation of infected portfolio on the other which in turn swallowed the profitability and the capital of banks. It is revealed that bank has tremendously performed in all Key Performing Indicators, it has improved its profitability manifold, deposit base is significantly enhanced and became more liquid and solvent.
Leptochloa fusca L. is a halophyte plant from the Poaceae family and is also locally known as kallar grass. It is a perennial, summer-growing, forage grass that is now cultivated in many parts of the Pakistan and India. It is highly tolerant to salinity, sodicity, water logging and high soil pH. Plants have evolved a variety of adaptation mechanisms against salt stress, such as; restricting the uptake of environmental Na + ; increasing the efflux of Na + from the cell; and sequestering Na + into the large intracellular vacuole to reduce Na + accumulation in the cytosol. Compartmentalization of the Na + into vacuoles can be accomplished by the action of Na + /H + antiporters in the vacuolar membrane. They catalyze the exchange of Na + for H + across tonoplast membranes using the proton gradient generated by the vacuolar H + -ATPase and H + -pyrophosphatase (PPase). The function of the NHX1 antiporter depends upon free H + provided by protons pumps. The objectives of the study were to isolate H + -pyrophosphatase and Na + /H + antiporter genes from Leptochloa fusca and characterize for salt and drought tolerance. During present study the full length H + - PPase and NHX1 genes were isolated from cDNA of L. fusca using degenerate primers generated from corresponding sequences of plants of the Poaceae family. The L. fusca H + -PPase (LfVP1) cDNA contained an uninterrupted open reading frame of 2,292 bp, coding for a polypeptide of 764 amino acids. The LfVP1 sequence showed 91% identity with Z. mays H + -PPase, 90 % with S. bicolor and 80 % with A. thaliana H + -PPase. The L. fusca NHX1 cDNA contained an uninterrupted open reading frame of 1,623 bp coding for a polypeptide of 541 amino acids. The L. fusca NHX1 gene sequence showed 88 % identity with S. bicolor and 87 % with Z. mays genes. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were characterized using various online bioinformatics tools; hydrophobicity plots; 2 dimensional transmembrane structures; and protein 3 dimensional structures. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were cloned under the control of Gal promoter in a Gateway ® yeast expression vector and transformed in rg9 (control); ena1 and ena1;nhx1 yeast mutants. Yeast complementation assay on hygromycin plates showed that overexpression of the LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes suppressed the hygromycin susceptibility phenotype in yeast mutants. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 were also cloned under control of the 35S, 2X-35S, ZmUbi and OsAct promoters using the Gateway ® technology. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were transferred in tobacco through Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation under xvicontrol of the 35S promoter and characterized for salt and drought tolerance. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic lines showed higher levels of relative water contents, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, membrane stability index and more negative value of leaf osmotic potential as compared to wild type control plants. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic plants were able to germinate and maintain their growth at to 200 mM and 250 mM NaCl. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic plants also showed better germination at 2 mg L - Basta ® ( glufosinate-ammonium ) . The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were also transformed in wheat under ZmUbi promoter. Putative transgenic plants were confirmed through PCR amplification and leaf bioassays.