Social Media and Cyber-Jihad in Pakistan

The Internet and social media are part of today’s battlefield between the forces of liberalism and those of extremism, at least in Pakistan. Both forces are jostling for using—and controlling—the Internet and social media to make themselves heard and silence the opposition. This paper looks into how extremist forces appropriate the Internet and social media to get their message out, sway public opinion in their favor and seek new recruits. It also examines the potentials of social media for civic activism in Pakistan and how the misuse of blasphemy laws in Pakistan’s constitution stifles liberal voices on the Internet and social media. This paper discusses the concept of blasphemy in Islam, their incorporation in the legal system of Pakistan and their impact on the freedom of expression. This paper concludes that an effective use of social media is contingent on at least three things: 1) Literacy 2) access to the Internet and social media tools and 3) media laws and policies that guarantee freedom of expression and access to information. These are essential for the creation of a vibrant public sphere, which can then be strengthened by using social media as a long-term tool. Without freedom of expression, liberal forces cannot make full use of social media for promoting democracy and rights of minority groups.

A Mathematical Study of Nonlinear Dispersive Partial Differential Equations for Solitons

An effort has been made to find out the exact solitary wave solutions of several PDEs. These partial differential equations are globally accepted as the governing equations of the fields they are related to. Finding their new exact solutions is not only exciting mathematically. It is also a service towards a better understanding of the phenomena themselves. In recent decades, nonlinear wave phenomena and their governing equations have attracted great attention. They arise in several fields of science and engineering including hydrodynamics, condensed matter physics, Bose-Einstein-condensation, nonlinear optics, Josephson junctions, biophysics, field theory etc. To solve these partial differential equations (PDEs), some methods and tools have been developed in the past. This work is mainly concerned with a specific class of exact solutions, called the solitary wave solutions. These types of solutions are of great interest for scientists and engineers working in the fields of fiber optics and wave propagation etc. We have found new soliton solutions to some well-known nonlinear PDEs such as the , Camassa-Holm-ΚP equations, generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (ZK-BBM) equation, generalized Zakharov-Kuznetsov(ZK) equation, perturbed nonlinearSchrödinger’s equation in the form ofKerr law nonlinearity(NLSE) equation (2+1)dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (KP-BBM) wave equation, (3+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation, modified Kortewgde Vries-Zakharov-Kuznetsov (KdV-ZK) equation, fourth order Boussinesq equation, Landau-Ginburg-Higgs equation, Cahn-Allen equation, two-mode modified Korteweg-de Vries (TmKdV) equation and nonlinear Schrödinger equation. These new solutions are more generalized and are supposed to give better simulations of the real-world problems to which the PDEs correspond. It is also expected from our study that the computer simulators used to mimic the wave propagation can be enhanced on the basis of our exact solutions. We have used some transformations to convert the PDEs, at hand, to the corresponding ODEs. To extract solitary wave solutions to these PDEs, certain balancing principles are implemented. The shapes and behaviors of these solutions are simulated graphically with the help of the mathematical software Maple. Descriptions of the parameters and the values that have been used to simulate the waves are also provided. We have not only determined some totally novel solutions to the equations under consideration, but also, we have managed to generalize many already existing solutions.