Thermostable Vaccines: Past, Present and Future Perspectives Thermostable Vaccines

Vaccines stability has a major role in the success of immunization programs and saves millions of lives every year. To stabilize vaccines cold chains are developed for storage and transport, as efficiency of vaccines is hampered if they are not kept under proper temperature. Aluminum is used for making vaccine thermostable. The development of vaccine formulation is a critical part of overall development cycle of approving, testing and producing new vaccines. However, Liquid vaccine formulation is still preferred over dry formulation because of ease in using, packaging and manufacturing. Other approaches have been used to make vaccine thermostable. This study demonstrates those processes, used to develop thermo-sensitive vaccines into thermostable vaccine and also describes vaccine formulation designing and use of heat shock protein including mHSP70 and mHSP65 to generate innate and adaptive immune response.

Toxicity of Microbial Insecticides and Chlorantraniliprole for the Control of Helicoverpa Armigera Hubner on Chickpea

The Helicoverpa armigera is a voracious and economically important insect pest devastating chickpea crop all over the world. To combat these pests the mainstay of the farmers are the use of conventional chemical insecticides, against these insecticides resistant has developed. The current study aimed at evaluation of microbial entomopathogens and new chemistry insecticide coragen against H. armigera. The study consisted of a series of experiments to screen different fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana s.land Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. to pick potential isolates against larvae of H. armigera, to evaluate the capacity of B. bassiana to colonize endophyticallyand their integrated use with Bacillus thuringiensis against H. armigera, to check the effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae alone and integrated manners, while sequential applications of H. bacteriophora were made after fungal treatment. Finally these agents were deployed under field conditions to determine their effect on survival of natural allies, pod infestation and the effect of treatments on the yield of chickpea. Four isolates of B. bassiana (WG-11, WG-12, WG-16 and WG-18) and one isolate of M. anisopliae (WG-44) exhibited greater virulence against both 2nd and 4th instar larvae among 22 tested isolates. These isolates revealed lowest LC50 and LT50 values. Beauveria bassiana colonize endophytically in chickpea plant very successfully and synergistic interaction (CTF≥20) was recorded at the moderate dose of B. thuringiensis and endophytic B. bassiana when fed with fungal inoculated chickpea leaves. Moreover, both agents have detrimental effects on pupation, adult emergence, egg eclosion and the developmental parameters of H. armigera. The toxic nature of microbial agents also influenced the diet consumption, frass production and weight gain. In combined treatments of entomopathogenic fungi and H. bacteriophora additive to synergistic interactions were recorded. The degree of addictiveness and synergism increased with delayed application of H. bacteriophora. These treatments also significantly affected pupation, adult emergence, egg eclosion and developmental parameters of H. armigera. The toxic nature of microbial agents also influenced the diet consumption, frass production and weight gain. Integrated application of B. bassiana, B. thuringiensis and coragen were made on chickpea under field conditions. Maximum marginal return was obtained in integrated application of B. thuringiensis + coragen treatments compared to their sole application. Microbial agents in simultaneous application are proved to be effective in lowering the larval density of H. armigera and hence lowering the yield losses. Microbial agents are relatively safe to natural enemies of H. armigera and hence proved to be eco-safe agents. Maximum marginal return was obtained in combined application of microbial agents than their individual application. Moreover, newer chemistry insecticides exhibit unique mode of action and better environmental profile that could help to rotate or replace the older insecticides.