آہ! ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفےٰ خاں
زمیں کھا گئی آسماں کیسے کیسے
(رفیق احمد خان)
’’جناب مشفق خواجہ کا غم ابھی تازہ ہی تھا کہ ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفےٰ خان اور ڈاکٹر سید معین الرحمن نے بھی داغ مفارقت دیا، یہ دونوں بزرگ علم و ادب کے آسمان پر مہر و ماہ بن کر ضوفشاں تھے، یقینا قارئین معارف رفیق احمد خاں صاحب کے ممنون ہوں گے کہ انہوں نے ان دونوں مقتدر علمی و ادبی شخصیتوں پر مقالہ سپرد قلم کیا، عتیق جیلانی صاحب کے بھی ہم ممنون ہیں کہ انہوں نے بھی ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفےٰ صاحب پر اپنے مضمون سے قارئین معارف کو متمتع ہونے کا موقع بخشا، قارئین معارف کو مشفق خواجہ صاحب پر بھی کسی پاکستانی صاحب قلم کے مضمون کا انتظار رہے گا‘‘۔ (ض)
ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفےٰ خاں صاحب (م ۲۵؍ ستمبر ۲۰۰۵ء) کے بارے میں کچھ عرض کرنا سورج کو چراغ دکھانے کے مترادف ہے، وہ کسی تعریف یا تعارف کے محتاج نہیں، ڈاکٹر صاحب کی شخصیت قدر و منزلت کے اعتبار سے کئی پہلو رکھتی ہے، تاہم دو پہلو صاف، واضح اور روشن ہیں، ایک ’’محققـ‘‘ دوسرے ’’مذہبی اور روحانی عالم‘‘۔
تحقیق کے اصل اور حقیقی تقاضوں سے محققین و فضلا ہی آگاہ ہوتے ہیں اور وہی جانتے ہیں کہ انہیں کیوں کر نبھایا جاتا ہے، تحقیق ایک خاص طرز زندگی کا مطالبہ کرتی ہے، ڈاکٹر صاحب نے ایک مقام پر لکھا ہے ’’ہم کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ تحقیق کو بہ طور ایک طرز زندگی اپنانا ہی اولین اور بنیادی اور لازمی شرط ہے‘‘۔
ہم دیکھتے ہیں کہ ڈاکٹر صاحب اپنی عمر کا ایک بڑا حصہ اسی خاص انداز سے گزار کر اس جہانِ فانی سے دائم آباد کو رخصت ہوئے، ان کی زندگی ہمارے لیے قابل فخر اور لائق تقلید ہے۔
ڈاکٹر صاحب کی متعدد خوبیوں میں سے صرف دو کا...
Arabian Peninsula was famous for its language expertise and linguistic expressions at the time of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The poets and language experts would spend most of their lives to attain excellence in Arabic language and literature. It was during such time that a man named Muhammad (ﷺ) emerged, whose linguistic expression was remarkable, accurate and amazing. He was also quite familiar with the dialects and accents of every tribe of Arabia. It was the surprising effect of this linguistic excellence that people tagged him with different titles such as Poet, Sorcerer, Kāhin (soothsayer), Majnūn (One possessed by Jinn), and insane man with insane message. Allah Almighty revealed Qur’ānic verses not only to answer such allegations but also entrusted him to present commentary of the Holy Qur’ān to the people who would called him illiterate. This article will try to find out the Qur’ānic commentary on the linguistic expressions of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as a miracle of revelation. The method of research is descriptive analytical and historical. The discussion of verses of Qur’ān and the explanations of the experts of Qur’ān through the comments of orientalists have been included to support the arguments. First Part of the paper discusses status of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as an illiterate man with his remarkable linguistic expressions of Qur’ān due to which he was awarded different titles such as poet, sorcerer and insane. The second part explains the Qur’ānic response to accusations on Prophet (ﷺ) raised by the opponents. In the third part, some intellectual arguments of Qur’ān and opinions of orientalist have been discussed to support the Qur’ānic responses in favor of linguistic expressions of an “Ummi” Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) which is followed by findings and conclusion of the whole discussion.
This study deals with the factors which determined the nature of governance and politics in the Punjab during 1947 to 1955. It is a descriptive case study with qualitative data analysis by using historical comparative techniques. The theory of authoritarianism is applied to understand the rationale behind. The data reveal four major patterns in the politics of the Punjab. They are, first the performance of provincial ministries while tackling of major issues like refugee rehabilitation, the dealing with the evacuee property, elections, food shortage, Qadiani issue, constitution making. Second, the governor ministry relations, third, the Centre province power sharing, and fourth party and factional activities at provincial level. The Punjab was able to rehabilitate millions of refugees in its early years. After the evacuation of its main economic, administrative, and skilled non-Muslim force, it managed to restart successfully. Law and order was achieved slowly, but pattern client attitude of elite created hurdles to fortify it. Corruption and nepotism could not be eradicated. Acute contradiction between the ministry and the governor occurred twice, first between Premier Mamdot and Governor Mudie on the issues of rehabilitation, and administrative, and second between Chief Minister Noon and Governor Gurmani on the One Unit and elections of Constituent Assembly Pakistan.The Centre continued to take hold of powers while dealing the issues related to the Concurrent List of the constitution. All three ministries of Mamdot, Doltana, and Noon were dismissed by Central government. However, it was the provincial government which provided the excuse to Central government. The sense of insecurity among Central leadership from the Punjab was shared by the provincial leadership while dealing the issues related to constitution making. Consequently the Punjab cooperated to establish One Unit, and agreed to less than its due share. The provincial party Presidents infamously indulged in disputes with premiers, and tried to pressurize them. Poor decisions related to food shortage and Qadiani issue effected governments at both levels. The middle class leadership of the party was cleverly cornered by the landed elite when beneficial positions were divided, as happened in the case of Molvi Bari. The Punjab League remained the single potential political party during the early eight years. Jinnah Muslim League performed well, but its president Mamdot refused to take the risk, and party was separated from Awami League leaving it to be the only ‘Bengali’ party. The leadership, failed to distinguish between the role of worker in the struggle for independence and to serve as a ruler, consequently, poor performance was the outcome. To improve the performance and inculcate the democratic norms in both the leadership and public, political socialization should be improved through better education, improved political participation, and quality debate