Analysis of the Implementation of Patient Safety Targets at the Makassar City Regional General Hospital

The Patient Safety Goals (SKP) drive specific improvements in patient safety. These objectives highlight problematic areas of health care in a system implemented in hospitals to make patient care safer. This study aims to analyze the implementation of patient safety goals in Makassar City Hospital. This type of research is mixed methods research. The research uses a sequential explanatory strategy. The results showed that the implementation of patient safety targets based on the Hospital Patient Safety Target Standards (SNARS) at Makassar City Hospital has a good implementation of patient safety targets. The implementation of patient safety targets in terms of leadership in the Makassar City Regional General Hospital (RSUD), namely the awarding of awards has never been done, and supervision is carried out by looking at patient safety reports. In terms of human resources, training related to patient safety is still lacking and only during accreditation. Regarding policies, there are SOPs related to patient safety incidents and there is no clear sanction, only a warning. For teamwork, there is no availability of a patient safety team in the treatment room, only KMKP has a patient safety team. In addition, the implementation of patient safety goals in terms of communication, namely the existence of positive feedback given and followed up by the Patient Safety and Quality Committee (KMKP), as well as lack of socialization by KMKP, only at the time of accreditation.

Determinants of Mangoexport from Pakista N

The present study identifies the major determinants and explores their implications on the export of mango from Pakistan to four selected markets (Dubai, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom and Singapore). Primary data were collected through a survey of mango exporters selected purposively from the list of total exporters obtained from Pakistan Horticultural Development and Export Board. Data collected from primary sources were analyzed to delineate socioeconomic characteristics of the sampled mango exporters, estimate export margins and quantify major variables (experience and education of exporters, average purchase price, average marketing cost, average sale price, ISO certificate, government policy, fruit fly effect and hot water treatment) affecting export of mango from Pakistan. Primary data were substantiated with data collected from secondary sources, analyzed to estimate effect of major factors (production of mango, relative prices, agricultural GDP and infrastructure) on the export of mango, not captured by primary data. Level of integration among ten domestic mango markets (Lahore, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Gujranwala, Multan, Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkhar, Quetta and Peshawar) was checked to evaluate extent of efficiency in these selected markets. Double log form of regression analysis was employed to estimate effect of the selected variables on the export of mango in the four importing markets. Johansen’s Cointegration Approach and Error Correction Mechanism were used to analyze secondary data. Comparative study of export margins in four selected markets revealed that Dubai and Saudi Arabia were the moderate profit markets whereas the United Kingdom and Singapore were the high margin markets. The results of analysis of primary data revealed that education, professional experience of mango exporters, average purchase price, average marketing cost, average sale price and ISO certificate were the significant determinants of mango exports from Pakistan. On the other hand, the results of secondary data showed that relative price index, mango production, real agricultural GDP and infrastructure were affecting mango exports overtime. The highest elasticity coefficients in the long run were found for real Agricultural GDP and infrastructure whereas in the short run, real Agricultural GDP showed dominating impact. Granger Causality test established bi-directional causality of mango exports with relative price index and infrastructure whereas unidirectional causality was established with real Agricultural GDP and mango production. Market integration analysis established that the selected domestic mango markets of Pakistan were efficient and well-integrated with each other. Granger causality test showed that Karachi market had bi-directional causality with Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Hyderabad and Sukkhar markets whereas unidirectional relationship was found for the rest of the markets. Problems emanating from the research findings were summarized and policy measures proposed to strengthen domestic production base, target high price markets by complying with international standards and diversify mango exports through value addition .