منظوم خراِجِ تحسین
(در خدمت یونس فریدی)
سخن ہے موثر موقر فراواں
غمِ عشق سے سر بہ سر چاک داماں
تصور میں ہر دم وہی روئے جاناں
مجسم مروّت، معطّر گلستاں
نوائے محبت، نہ دیدی، شنیدی
سخن کا ہے شہ کار یونس فریدی
ادب کے جہاں کا یہ روشن ستارا
بہت خوبصورت، بہت پیارا، پیارا
ہر اک شعر سے حسنِ فن آشکارا
ادب کے شبستاں میں روشن ستارا
کشودہ ہمہ قفلِ فن چوں کلیدی
سخن کا ہے شہ کار یونس فریدی
یونہی تو نہیں چار سو نام اس کا
بہت دل کش و دل نشیں کام اس کا
ہے صرفِ سخن چین آرام اس کا
ہے صہبائے الفت سے پر جام اس کا
سخنور ہیں یوں تو بہت ہی فریدی
سخن کا ہے شہ کار یونس فریدی
موج دین فریدی
Assyrian Text is witnessed that women used veil for face covering with an additional piece of cloth about 13 centuries before the Christ. Then history of mankind displays veil in Egyptian society that was transparent and normally white in color. We found a handful evidences in Greek literature regarding veiling of face. History travels to Anglo-Saxon age and witnessed that women used veil to cover their hair of head. The head covering shows a biological reasoning also. Roman culture was the culture of fantasy, the veils were full of colorful, and multi designed veil arranged by flowers and different beautiful substantial. In Roman, veil developed from only head covering to shoulder covering and then from head to back covering. British regime also enrich the history of veil. There was beautiful designed, decorated with net clothes and covered with beautiful embroidery. The veil was empowered by elite community in England. Later it was popularized as a fashion in colonial communities. Through this thorough historic discussion, it is approved that veil used by women has a long history as the human history. In religious context, Hinduism is understood as the oldest religion on globe, it is found that in Harappan times about 2500 BC, Aryan women used to wear full body covering single cloth from head covering to foot, which was preached in Hindu religious book Vedas also, later the single cloth was known as Sari. And after the introduction of Christianity, Veil was introduced as a compulsory symbol of religion. Veil of whole body with strict rules can be seen in the form of Christian nun. Later, Islam explained veil of women in public as an obligatory sign. Islam is the youngest religion on earth, it was published rapidly and the implication of its rules are practiced prominently. After a thorough historic and religious discussion, it if proved in this article that veil was a compulsory part of human society and religions before Islam had also preached for veiling.
Computer, the humongous giant of technology, has brought innovative changes in every aspect of life, especially in applications imitating humans. Currently, it is used in every field of life to facilitate human endeavor. One such application is character recognition. Character recognition is an important offshoot of pattern recognition problems. It imitates a human’s ability to read, using a machine. It has been a field of intensive, if exotic, research since the early days of the computer. This task becomes more complex and demanding in case of handwritten and cursive text. Arabic script-based languages, which are used by almost a quarter of the world’s population [Belaid et. al, 2010], are cursive, rich in diacritical marks and variety of writing styles present a challenging task for the researchers. Urdu is an Arabic script based languages however the Urdu character set is the superset of all Arabic script-based languages. Character recognition has been performed either through segmentation free or segmentation based approaches. There are numerous issues with a segmentation free approach, and it is very difficult to train using a large dataset. On the other hand in Urdu, a segmentation based approach has a large overhead and has less accuracy for cursive script as compared to segmentation free methods. In terms of classification, this thesis presents two approaches for Urdu character recognition: segmentation free method based on a hybrid approach (HMM and fuzzy logic), and bio-inspired character recognition system that uses fuzzy logics. Fuzzy is used as inner and outer shells for preprocessing and post processing of HMM. Biologically inspired multilayered fuzzy rules based system has been presented. Using the human visual concept, a layered approach has been suggested where the diacritical marks are separated from the ghost characters and mapped onto the primary ligature in the final layer. The proposed technique also caters to Multilanguage character recognition system for all Arabic script-based languages like Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Punjabi etc. The presented multilayered bio-inspired approach recognizes the ligature by extracting the features and combining them to find new premises in a bottom up fashion and it provided accuracy of 87.4%.