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Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Idrees

Department

Deptt. of Computer Sciences, QAU.

Program

MSc

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009-2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

41

Subject

Computer Sciences

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M. Sc. COM/1955

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676717246044

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’’خدائے سخن‘‘ کی نظمیں

خدائے سخن‘‘ کی نظمیں

نظم کے معنی ’’موتیوں کی لڑی‘‘ کے ہیں۔موتیوں کو لڑی میں پرونا ہے۔لیکن ادبی اصلاح میں نظم سے مراد اشعار کا وہ مجموعہ ہے جس میں کوئی ایک مرکزی خیال ہوتا ہے۔بہت زیادہ اشعار ہونے کی صورت میں خیال کی درجہ بدرجہ بڑھوتری کو ظاہر کرنے کے لیے اشعار کو مختلف حصوں میں تقسیم کر لیا جاتا ہے تاکہ نظم کے معنی اور مفہوم کو اجاگر کیا جا سکے۔نظم میں ایک خیال یا تصور کو موضوع بنایا جاتا ہے۔نظم میں اشعار کی تعداد مقرر نہیں ہوتی صرف خیال کے تسلسل کو سامنے رکھا جاتا ہے۔

نظم میں موضوع کی کوئی پابندی نہیں ہوتی۔اس میں کسی بھی موضوع پر اظہار خیال کیا جا سکتا ہے موضوع چاہے تاریخی ہویا جغرافیائی دینی ہویا دنیاوی،تہذیبی ہویا ثقافتی،معاشی ہو یا معاشرتی،سیاسی ہو یا مذہبی،قومی ہو یا انقلابی،قدیم ہو یا جدیدعلمی ہو یا ادبی غرض ہر موضوع اور دنیا کے ہر معاملے،زندگی کے ہر مسئلے اور کائنات کے ہر پہلو پر نظم لکھی جا سکتی ہے۔

موضوع کی طرح نظم کے لیے خاص ہیئت کی پابندی ضروری نہیں جس طرح نظم کا کوئی بھی موضوع منتخب کیا جا سکتا ہے اسی طرح نظم لکھنے کے لیے کوئی بھی ہیئت اختیار کی جا سکتی ہے۔اگرچہ روائیتی طور پر نظم کی کچھ خاص اصناف کے لیے خاص ہیئت مخصوص ہیں۔مگر عام طور پر نظم کے لیے کوئی خاص ہیئت مقرر نہیں کی گئی،یہ بات ہمیں عطا محمد عنبر کی نظموں کی کتاب ’’خدائے سخن‘‘ میں دیکھنے کو ملتی ہے۔انہوں نیاپنے اس شعری مجموعہ میں جو نظمیں شامل کی ہیں۔ان کو مختلف ہیئتوں میں لکھا ہے کہیں کہیں نظم کا تاثر پھیکا پڑتا دکھائی دیتا ہیاور غزلیہ رنگ نمایا ں نظر آتا ہے۔کیونکہ آپ کی بہت ساری نظموں میں سے ایک سے...

زرتشت ازم کے شعائر، رسوم اور روایات: اسلامی تناظر میں اجمالی جائزہ

Zoroastrianism is an ancient Iranian religion founded by an Iranian Prophet and scholar Zoroaster. It is claimed by some foremost scholars that this is the most ancient religion of the world which influenced the other major religions of the world like, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The main source to know the Zoroastrianism is Avesta, Denkart and Bundahishn (sacred books) from which we know the terminologies and traditions of this religion. Main two spirits are Ahura mazda (god of pleasure and goodness) and Ahriman (god of evil) and seven more main spirits which are called as angels are Amesha spentas which show the actual spirit and direction of this ancient religion. Some of the concepts and traditions are same which exists in Islam but with different names and features, like prayers and matters after death, heaven and hell. In this article, main focus is on tradition and terminologies of this ancient religion to know its actual spirit to get the basic information and main themes for initial reader of this religion from Islamic theological pers-pective. No doubt, Zoroastrianism is one the amended religions exist on earth yet because of the similarity of various rituals with Islam. However, Zoroastrianism is being considered reve-aled religion and Zoroaster as true prophet of Allah.

Economy-Wide Impact of Pakistans Trade Policy Reforms: A Global Cge Approach

As regional integration across the globe has proliferated, therefore, the developing countries have made it a leading policy objective to move in parallel and find access to the global market through the instrument of trade liberalization. This strategy has led to the establishment of various bilateral and regional free trade zones across the world. Pakistan is also a member of various bilateral and regional trade organizations. However, Pakistan’s achievements are negligible. To enhance its trade performance, Pakistan is anxious of negotiating additional free trade agreements (FTAs) with the trade partner economies. In addition, the recently proliferated large regional agreements in the Asia-Pacific and Europe such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) have outsiders to these agreements. They are anxious about the implications of these agreements for their own economies and trading relations. Presently, Pakistan is neither the member of TPP nor RCEP; however, desirous to join the two partnerships. In the above-mentioned background, this study aims to undertake an assessment of Pakistan’s position in the free trade agreements. The study also aims to examine the implications of TPP and RCEP for Pakistan and to identify alternative strategies for Pakistan to follow in case the consequences of the said agreements on its economy are negative. This research examines different possible scenarios (simulations) by using the global CGE model framework (MyGTAP). The first one tests the implications of trade liberalization in the context of Pakistan’s existing bilateral FTAs with its trading partners-China, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. The second scenario tests the implications of Pakistan’s potential FTAs with Turkey, Thailand and Korea on its economy. In addition to the primary focus on Pakistan’s FTAs, further simulations are carried out to project the implications of RCEP for the economy of Pakistan. The first one tests the implications of trade liberalization for the existing members of RCEP. The second scenario investigates the impact of Pakistan’s proposed membership of RCEP on the economy of Pakistan. Next is the focus on TPP. The first scenario projects the implications for Pakistan with usual implementation of TPP regulations. The second one investigates the implications of Pakistan’s proposed joining the TPP. The third scenario tries to see the implications of the proposed US’ rejoining of the TPP. Likewise, additional projections are obtained to see the impacts of the European Generalized System of Preferences arrangements such as GSP+ and ‘Everything But Arms’ (EBA) status on the economy of Pakistan.The results of simulations intimate that the overall impact of RCEP and TPP on the economy of Pakistan (as outsider) is negative. However, in case Pakistan succeeds to join the said trade agreements, there will be an overall gain for Pakistan. The impact on the other RCEP and TPP member economies’ GDP and trade is positive with a slightly larger increase in real GDP and trade when Pakistan is included in RCEP and TPP. It is also found that there are overall positive gains for Pakistan from the existing FTAs with China and Malaysia. As such, Pakistan should acquire additional market access from the partners. The results also indicate an overall beneficiary position of Pakistan in the FTA with Thailand. The impact on the GDP and trade volume of the partners is also positive indicating that the agreement leads to win-win position. It is found that the impact of European GSP+ and EBA status on the economy of Pakistan is positive and considerable if Pakistan overcomes the domestic productive limitations.