خواجہ کمال الدین
عیسوی سال کے خاتمہ پر ۲۸؍ دسمبر ۱۹۳۳ء کو عیسوی مذہب کے سب سے بڑے نقاد اور عیسوی ممالک میں اسلام کے مشہور مبلغ خواجہ کمال الدین نے افسوس ہے کہ وفات پائی، وہ کئی برس سے سل کے مرض میں مبتلا تھے اور اس حالت میں بھی وہ تصنیف و تالیف میں ہمیشہ مصروف رہے، احمدی جماعت میں ہمارے نزدیک وہ عام مسلمانوں سے سب سے زیادہ قریب تھے، اس لئے ان کے مشن کا بار اٹھانے میں عام مسلمان اور امراء نے بھی شرکت کی تھی اور شاید یہ راز نہ ہو کہ مسیح الملک حکیم اجمل خان مرحوم اور مولانا شبلی مرحوم نے ان کی امدادی تحریکوں میں سب سے زیادہ دلچسپی لی، مولانا مرحوم نے ایک دفعہ علماء کے بالمقابل نوجوان تعلم یافتوں میں سے خواجہ صاحب کے عزم تبلیغ کو سامنے رکھ کر یہ شعر خود انہیں کے خط میں لکھا تھا:
کامل اس فرقہ زہاد سے اٹھا نہ کوئی
کچھ ہوئے تو یہی رندانِ قدح خوار ہوئے
گوہم کو خواجہ صاحب کے بہت سے خیالات اور تاویلات سے اتفاق نہیں تاہم یہ کہنا اظہار واقعہ ہے کہ انہوں نے ۱۹۱۲ء سے لے کر ۱۹۳۲ء تک اپنی پوری بیس برس کی زندگی اسلام کی تبلیغ اور اس کے محاسن کی اشاعت اور یورپ میں اسلامی لٹریچر کی فراہمی میں صرف کی اور نیز یہ کہ ان تصنیفات کے بڑے حصہ کا موضوع ’’احمدیت‘‘ نہیں ’’محمدیت‘‘ ہے، افسوس کہ ان کی موت سے دنیا کی مذہبی بزم میں ایک اہم جگہ خالی ہوگئی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے ان اعمال صالحہ کے صدقہ میں ان کو اپنی مغفرت سے نوازے اور ان کی لغزشوں سے درگزر فرمائے۔
میں نے ان کو سب سے پہلے ندوہ کے اس اجلاس لکھنؤ ۱۹۱۲ء میں دیکھا جس میں مصر کے عالم سید رشید رضا صدر...
The Gulf Wars, fought in 1991 and 2003 respectively, are inter-related with each other. These wars reshaped and totally changed the Geo-Political structure of the Middle East. Apparently, the Geo-Political importance of the Middle East has remained universal truth from the very first day of human being. In that regard, it has always remained like it in the eyes of world powers such as Romans, Greeks, Sassanid, Ottomans, UK, Russia and America. Chronically, US increased interference in the Middle East soon after the World War II (1945). Eventually, Saddam Hussain was Pro-Socialist and disliked American interference in the Middle East; that was why, US started to overthrow Saddam Hussain’s regime and control the Middle East oil resources. Due to that, the United States trapped Saddam Hussain into Iran-Iraq War for more than eight years, which became futile and fatal for both countries. Mercilessly, the United States trapped Saddam Hussain once again into devastative War between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990. After that, accusing Saddam of violating International Law, the US found reason to invade Iraq directly, which is known as the Gulf War I (1991). Awfully, Iraq was kept in war for than a decade. When the US failed to overthrow Saddam regime after devastative and savage attacks, she got passed resolutions from the United Nations to impose economic sanctions on Iraq due to allegation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). Valiantly, innocent Iraqis endeavored economic sanctions for more than a decade. After the inspection of world experts’ teams, they could find neither any sign of WMDs nor any stockpile of WMDs. Apart from that, the US led Coalition invaded Iraq in March 2003, massacre millions of people, collapsed its economy and ruined its infrastructure.
The struggle to develop an ideal model for teaching English language has been going on for so many years. English language is the second language in many countries including developing countries like Pakistan. In Pakistan English language has emerged as a powerful medium for communication and learning this language has become the need of the hour for a successful career and life. The students of the developing countries encounter many problems while speaking in English language and the major among those problems is the spoken English language anxiety which hinders the progress of the freshly graduates from getting good jobs.The main aim of the study was to explore confidence of students studying in the Pakistani context in their spoken English skill, with a focus on developing a model of active learning using interactive activities for language usage. It is based on the premise that social interaction is necessary for the cognitive development of mind, as emphasized by Vygotsky (Verenikina, 2010). This research is a mixed method study which was conducted in a private sector university of Lahore city in Pakistan. A quasi experiment Pre-test, post test design was conducted on an intact group of sixty students taken from the first semester. The intervention was based on interactive activities that lasted for two semesters or 32 weeks. The data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative data was gathered through two standardized research tools i.e. a closed ended questionnaire and the spoken English assessment scale. The foreign language classroom anxiety scale developed by Elaine Horwitz (1986) and the adapted version of Conversational skills rating scale by Spitzberg (2007) were utilized for the present study. The qualitative data consisted of the researcher’s observations recorded during the intervention. Results of the study Effect of Confidence Enhancement Techniques on Spoken English showed that the students’ confidence level improved when they were exposed to interactive activities. The students of the control group showed no significant improvement as they had been taught by the routine methodology. Thus it is proposed that such interactive activities handled by trained instructors should be utilized in the classrooms, which can lead to the development of more confident English language speakers.