عناية المحدِّثين بالجامع الصَّحيح للبخاري في شبه القارة الهنديَّة

This study deals with a historical overview of the entry of Islam to the Indian subcontinent and the contribution of the companions, successor, and their followers in spreading the Prophetic Sunnah in it. Moreover, It contains a brief historical overview of the emergence of hadīth science، its weakness, renaissance, development, and flourishing, and a study of the attention of Muhaddithūn to the Sahih al-Bukhārī by writing its Shuruh, Taliqāt، Hawāshī, and Tarājim in the Indian subcontinent. It has been proven from the study of the history of hadīth science that after the entry of the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids to this region, the science of hadīth weakened due to the interest of the locals in rational sciences until Sultān Ala’ud-Dīn al-Khiljī (d. 716/1316) period. The scholars began to pay attention to the compilations of hadīth in general and Sahih al-Bukhārī in particular, and the first Sharh of Sahih al-Bukhārī appeared by Sheikh al-Hassan b. Muhammad al-Saghānī al-Lāhourī (d. 1252/650). It was revealed from a historical study of Sahih al-Bukhārī’s related studies in the Indian subcontinent that all were written in three stages. The first stage was the era of the renaissance of hadīth science and the emergence of Sahih al-Bukhari’s Shuruh and Hawāshī in the Arabic language. The second stage was the era of the development of hadīth sciences and the emergence of Sahih al-Bukhari’s Shuruh and Tarājim in the Arabic and Persian languages. Besides, the study proved that it was the era of translation and authorship in the Persian language, which was one of the most widespread languages، understanding, and delivered in the scientific community of the Indian subcontinent. As for the third stage, it is the flourishing of hadīth science and the emergence of a diversity of books about the Sahih al-Bukhārī in Arabic, Urdu, and Pashto. It was discovered from the study that the Urdu language took the place of Persian in the dissemination of legal sciences and the authorship of Sahih al-Bukhārī.

Magnetohydrodynamic Flows in Pipe and Boundary Layer With Heat Transfer

In a viscous flow the viscosity effects are prominent only in a thin region near the solid boundary, namely, the boundary-layer or the thin shear layer. Since the start of the last century the study of boundary layer flows has been identified as a self- standing field of research in the area of fluid dynamics. The theory of boundary-layer has greatly helped the scientists and engineers towards the understanding of flow and heat transfer phenomenon in viscous flows. Despite the continuous research of scholars the understanding of three dimensional boundary-layers is still a demanding area of research. Three dimensional boundary-layer momentum equations are more complicated in comparison to the two dimensional ones but still there is a class of flows which are three dimensional with less complicated equation. Such flows are commonly known as axisymmetric flows. Axisymmetric flows occur inside/outside the pipes, over blunt bodies and in rotating disk systems. In this dissertation, we aim to examine various flow situations of multi- dimensional boundary-layer flows of axisymmetric nature. The impact of surface expansion/contraction and rotation has been investigated on the internal boundary- layer flow inside a pipe of uniform cross-section. The effects of surface stretching, rotation and oscillation on momentum and thermal transport in the external boundary- layer have been considered in the flow near a solid cylinder. The stagnation point flow has also been studied in rotating disk boundary-layer flow. Furthermore the effects of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), suction/injection and unsteadiness have also been investigated in some cases. The calculation of skin friction coefficient and the coefficient of heat transfer has been the major study. Analytic and (or) numerical solutions have been obtained in all cases, however, the preference has been given to the analytic solution. Homotopy analysis method has been used for analytic solution and for numerical computations the shooting technique or the finite difference schemes have been applied. The accuracy and validity of these solutions have been proved in detail either by calculating the residual errors or through comparison with authentic results or both. The analysis reveals that both the momentum and energy transport strongly depend upon the curvature of cylinder. As compared to the flat plate case the coefficient of skin friction and heat transfer are bigger in magnitude for a cylinder of large curvature. For efficient cooling the dissipation effects are recommended to be minimized. Furthermore, the fluids of high Prandtl number are observed to be serving as good coolant.