پاکستان میں رائج زرعی نظام کا شرعی جائزہ

Islam has provided guidance in agriculture like any other field of life. Agriculture provides food and nourishment to men, animals and birds. Pakistan is an agricultural land. Out of total grass root of Pakistan economy, 80% depends upon the agriculture. Agriculture is the production of food, feed and fiber by the systematic harvesting of plants and animals. The history of agriculture is a central element of human history. The article deals with the study of Muslims’ contribution to agriculture especially the Prophetic and four caliphs’ time. The Prophet r initiated the development of a sophisticated system of irrigation, and the Caliphs Hazrat Umar R. A and Hazrat Uthman R. A suggested revolution in agricultural reforms. The Islamic rules on land ownership and labor rights, alongside the recognition of private ownership and introduction of share cropping created by incentives to engage in agriculture. The present system prevailing in Pakistan has several short comings. Landlordism and poverty of cultivators who are generally uneducated, absence of heavy machinery for cultivation and small holdings also create problem.

Translational Stylistics: A Corpus-Based Study of English Translated Urdu Fiction

The present research aims at exploring translational stylistic features of English texts translated from Urdu fiction; and tracing the stylistic similarities and differences among the English translated fiction, Native English and Pakistani English fiction. It also aims at finding textual dimensions, which shape the translated fiction in a specific way. Style in translation perspective is seen a complex phenomenon, which contributes to the development of discursive structure of a text and the emergence of specific meanings in any writing activity, as translational style gets particular textual features, which make it different from the style of native and non-native writings. This research finds this aspect of stylistic studies significant to be explored specifically in corpus perspective. A corpus of translated English fiction (TEF), Pakistani English fiction (PEF) and native English fiction (NEF) has been developed. The data are analyzed against the research questions of the study by employing Multidimensional Analysis Tagger (acronym as MAT, Version 1.3), a free tagger developed by Nini (2015) available online, that provides the same output as provided by Biber’s tagger. The study finds that several linguistic features are involved in the constitution of translational style, which present it different from the fiction written in native or nonnative English. Translational style of TEF when compared to the style of PEF and NEF, is found to be more; informational, carefully integrated, elaborated, formal, explicit, precise, coherent, has more certainty, shows more literariness, and is less; affective, generalized, intensified, conversational, ambiguous, verbal, depictive, imaginative, emphatic, situation dependent, persuasive, predictable, has general narrative exposition, carries non-abstract information, has low lexical variety. Being Informational and having explicit and non-abstract information are found as the significant textual dimensions of translational style. Furthermore, the findings also draw upon a multiple comparative analysis of TEF, PEF and NEF at five textual dimensions by using ANOVA test for exploring stylistic similarities and differences. This research will help understand the critical role of language in the construction of style and meaning, therefore it will have significance for translation studies scholars and practitioners in the field, especially in Pakistani context. This research will also help the scholars understand the intimate relationship between stylistics and translation studies in corpus perspective.