صلح حدیبیہ: آنحضرت کی ﷺ سیاسی، معاشرتی اور دفاعی حکمت عملی

Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) is the last Apostle to human beings. He was gifted with a divine Deen having complete code of life. Every field of life has been discussed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah of the Prophet r. As an Apostle, head of the state and army commander, He guided the mankind and provided an excellent example in all the perspectives of life. As a commander of the Islamic forces, the Holy Prophet r fought twenty seven Ghazwat after migration to Madina. In Zeqaida 6 AH, during the pact of Hudaibia a complete turn was taken by Muslims. After this event, the Muslim army role changed to offensive rather than defensive. Immediately, after the pact, the Holy Prophet r attacked on Khyber in Muharram 7th AH, while the whole Hijaz region was captured during the Ghazwa Fath-i-Makkah. In this article, the strategy and tactics employed by the Holy Prophet r during Hudaibia truce have been discussed. These tactics are useful and beneficial in modern era warfare also. As an ideal for all the Ummah, lessons should be extracted by the commanders to defend their motherland and ideological boundries.

Self Evaluation Processes and School Improvement

This study aimed at exploring self-evaluation processes and their contribution to school improvement in a school system. As the research sought to study the lived experiences of the key participants of the phenomenon of self-evaluation in a school system, I chose to conduct a phenomenological study in the qualitative paradigm. The research was conducted in three units (two secondary schools and a college, including the girls' college section) working under the umbrella of a community-based educational network in Karachi, Pakistan. The research participants included the Executive Director, three Principals, the Coordinator, the Vice Principal, a Professional Development Teacher and six Lead Teachers. There are various self-evaluation procedures in place at the Leaders' Educational Network (pseudonym). All the activities like students' academic and co-curricular progress, teaching and learning processes, admissions and staff performance are monitored and evaluated through these procedures. The study found that the procedures are internallydriven and involve the stakeholders at various levels, like principals, lead teachers and teachers. The management has developed an understanding of the meaning and purpose of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) across the board, and is enthusiastic and committed about M&E of all the aspects of their units with a focus on the smooth functioning of the work, accountability and improvement. Self-evaluation and school improvement is an under-researched areas in Pakistan; hence, the study is significant as it brings to light the processes and activities through which schools monitor themselves, either consciously or unconsciously, how much and to what end the data, which are collected through different means, are utilized and how much the stakeholders like teachers, students and parents are involved in the evaluation process; the study also explores the contribution of M&E/self-evaluation to school improvement.