فکر اقبال کے تناظر میں تہذیبی تصادم

A thorough critical analysis of human history highlights that the clash of civilizations centered on themes of conflict, war, and struggle. Historical experts use the word encounter to interpret or explain these relations among civilizations. Trade played a vital role in flourishing these ties, however, conflict and encounter have also been a part of almost all the phases or eras of human history. Developing nations have always looked up to the western world as a role model of economic and military progression, but this philosophy has also resulted in the escalation of tensions among these nations. World peace faces daunting challenges and is one of the most talked-about human concerns in the present times. Islam is currently being challenged by the western world in terms of the right interpretation of religious teachings and the true message of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Islam is still struggling to make its mark in the present world order, particularly after the 9/11 incident which painted Muslims as terrorists and fundamentalists. It is quite evident that the world is divided into factions or groups, where one group is the torchbearer of Islam and religious teachings, while the second group endorses western ideals or secularism. According to Samuel Huntington, it won’t be wrong to say that the next ideological challenge that the world faces after the ultimate demise of the Soviet Union is Islam and the prospective clash between the East and the West in the 21st century will be the most discussed topic. The present-day relationship between the East and the West is based upon rivalry. This conflict is not a new area of research and is centuries old. The only solution to this problem is to promote global peace and harmony and facilitate dialogue among nations. This would help in creating a social system that can center on values, harmony, peace, and love. Also, Iqbal’s philosophy can act as a guiding stone and can help in resolving this crisis. Iqbal’s universal social reconstruction theory highlights how different civilizations can live together and can facilitate constructive dialogue to improve civilizational ties. This article aims to incorporate the teachings of Iqbal, especially the universal social reconstruction theory to propose solutions for inter-civilizational clashes. This article aims to use the teachings of Iqbal as a beacon of light to promote constructive dialogue and peaceful coexistence among the two dominant sides of the world, resultantly leading in much prosperous and peaceful world order. 

The Effect of Emotional Literacy on Academic Achievement and Emotional Intelligence of Students at Secondary Level

The study reported in this thesis has the following major objectives: (i) to find out effect of emotional literacy on academic achievement in terms of experimental group and control group (ii) to find out the difference of treatment effect between the students of low achievers group and high achievers group (iii) To find out difference regarding treatment effect in terms of students of experimental group and control group on the basis of variable emotional intelligence. The researcher selected 60 students of 10th class of Government Boys High School, Isa Khel (Mianwali District). The sample was equally divided into the experimental group and the control group. Both the groups were equated on the basis of the scores of 9th class in the Board examination (treated as pre-test). A pre-test for emotional intelligence was also administered to find out emotional quotient (EQ) of the experimental and the control group. A curriculum of emotional literacy consisted of Chapters 4-9 taken from Goleman’s book entitled: “Working with Emotional Intelligence” was taught as treatment to the experimental group. A short syllabus (Appendix-D) from Urdu Book (Part II) for 10th class was taught to both experimental and control groups in a combined class by the same teacher. The study lasted for twelve weeks. After twelfth week, two separate post-tests (one for academic achievement and other for emotional intelligence) were administered to the both experimental and control groups. Data were collected, tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted in the light of the objectives of study. Data were analyzed by applying t-test and (2x2) ANOVA. The findings of the study revealed that there is a considerable effect of emotional literacy on the academic achievement of the students at secondary level. It was also found that emotional literacy has improved emotional intelligence of the students. Moreover, it was found that emotional literacy was equally helpful and effective for both high achievers and the low achievers. Finally, on the basis of the findings of the study, the researcher put forward some feasible and practicable suggestions/ recommendations in this area. It is recommended to include emotional literacy in the curriculum as a compulsory subject, particularly at secondary level. Emotional education may be utilized in solving the issues of problematic behaviors of the children in the schools. The managers of educational institutions may monitor teaching learning process with a view to implementing emotional literacy policy. A special curriculum model suitable for the subject of emotional literacy may be devised. Moreover, public awareness regarding the importance of emotional literacy should be increased by using mass media. Emotional literacy should be made an important element of professional training of teachers, managers, curriculum developers. For further research it is recommended that the present study needs to be replicated with students and schools at larger scale and context. The association of Emotional Quotient (EQ) with Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is another aspect which needs to be addressed.