Welcome Note from Editor-in-Chief

It is with great pleasure that I write this editorial to welcome you to the first issue of this new International journal, “Pakistan Biomedical Journal” (PBMJ). The topics covered by the journal are certainly broad and interesting. Biomedical science is a collection of applied sciences that help us understand, research, and innovate within the field of healthcare. It includes disciplines like molecular biology, clinical virology, bioinformatics, and biomedical engineering, among others. It's designed to apply the biological sciences to advance not only individual health but also the area of public health. Biomedical Research can help health professions better understand things like the human body and cell biology, making advances in our understanding of epidemics, health initiatives, and human health in the age of longer life expectancy. It aids our understanding of infectious disease and provides research opportunities into some of our most troubling health issues. The journal will continue to publish high quality clinical and biomedical research in health and disease later in life. Peer review will remain a vital component of our assessment of submitted articles.I am very happy to have a team of excellent editors and editorial board members from the top international league covering in depth the related topics. They will ensure the highest standards of quality for the published manuscripts and, at the same time, keep the process time as short as possible. We hope to bring best researches in the field of biomedical sciences that may serve as a guideline in health awareness, understanding the mechanisms and its management in future.   We definitely look forward to receiving your excellent studies to making PBMJ synonymous with high quality in the biomedical science domain.

Dynamic and Adaptive Fault Tolerant Scheduling With Qos Consideration in Computational Grid

Implementing fault tolerant scheduling in computational grid is a challenging task. Proactive and reactive fault tolerant scheduling techniques are commonly used in grids. Proactive approaches focus on the issues due to which faults are generated. Reactive approaches are activated after identification of failures. Different from exist ing fault tolerant techniques, we present a novel, hybrid, dynamic, and adaptive fault tolerant technique that effectively uses proactive and reactive approaches. Proactive fault tolerant orchestrator uses proactive approach, where resources are filtered on the basis of vicinity, availability and reliability. Existing fault tolerance techniques do not distinguish resources during selection, but the proposed algorithm prefers to employ local resources that results in low communication costs and less tendency towards failures. In order to find high availability of resources, a newly identified parameter that uses availability time is incorporated in the model for finding highly available resources using mean time between availability and mean time between unavailability. Reliability of nodes is an indispensable consideration and proposed system computes the reliability of nodes using factors like success or failure ratio of jobs and types of encountered failures. Proposed model also employs an optimal resource identification algorithm that helps in selection of optimal resources during execution of the jobs. List of reliable and optimal grid nodes identified using proactive fault tolerant orchestrator is passed to reactive fault tolerant orchestrator. Failure detector and predictor are the two components that work under reactive fault tolerant orchestrator and caters for network, prediction and temperature based hardware failures. For detection of errors in an efficient and timely manner push and pull models are also applied. Hardware failures are predicted on the basis of device temperature and are carefully used for con trolling the checkpoint intensity. Reduction in number of checkpoints based on device temperature provide several performance benefits in terms of communication cost and reduced execution times. Performance of proposed model is validated using GridSim toolkit. Compared to contemporary techniques, experimental results exhibit efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed model with respect to several performance metrics like execution time, throughput, waiting and turnaround time, number of checkpoints and energy consumption.