مولانا مفتی محمد یوسف بہاری
دارالعلوم ندوہ کے تعلیم یافتہ علماء میں مولانا مفتی محمد یوسف صاحب بہاری ایک لائق فاضل تھے، افسوس کہ انھوں نے ۵؍ اگست ۱۹۲۵ء کو بعارضہ فالج لکھنو میں انتقال کیا، وہ ندوی علماء میں فنون ادب عربی میں کامل دستگاہ رکھتے تھے، فراغت کے بعد اپنی زندگی دارالعلوم پر وقف کردی تھی اور اس وقت وہاں وہ ادیب اول کے عہدہ پر ممتاز تھے، باوجود اس کے کہ ان کو دوسری جگہ بیش قرار تنخواہیں ملتی تھیں، تاہم انھوں نے جس خلوص اور ایثار سے تقریباً دس برس مدرسہ کی خدمت کی وہ تعریف و ستائش کی مستحق ہے، وہ نہایت خاموشی کے ساتھ اپنی خدمات ادا کررہے تھے، عربی رسائل میں ان کے مضامین شائع ہوتے تھے، عربی خواں طلبہ کی سہولت کے لیے شبلی بک ڈپو کے نام مصری مطبوعات کی بہم رسانی کا کام بھی انجام دیتے تھے، افسوس کہ ان کی جواں مرگی نے ہماری صف میں ایک ماتم برپا کردیا اور مدرسہ نے اپنے ایک لائق فرزند کے ساتھ اپنے ایک فاضل مدرس کو کھودیا، خدا مرحوم کو جوار رحمت میں جگہ دے، مولوی ابوالحسنات ندوی مرحوم کی وفات کے بعد ہماری برادری میں یہ دوسرا صبر آزما سانحہ پیش آیا ہے، مسلمانوں میں جو قحط رجال ہے اس کو دیکھتے ہوئے، ان نونہالان چمن کی بے وقت پژمردگی کس قدر پُرحسرت ہے۔
حسرت ان غنچوں پہ ہی جوبن کھلے مرجھاگئے
(سید سليمان ندوی، اگست ۱۹۲۵ء)
The question of the end of morality is certainly as old as moral speculation itself. It is this question that prompted Aristotle speculating on moral or character virtue. Moral question is properly a human question since only human beings are expected to act in a given way and are subject to praise and reward or blame and punishment. We should remember that also God and angels are expected to act in a given way, but that would, strictly speaking, be the subject of moral theology and revelation, since without revelation depending only on reason, we cannot examine the acts of God and angels in order to determine how they should act. In short, it is only human beings who can be judged to act morally or immorally if we depend only on human reason, without the support of revelation. In the whole work, Stuart Mills and Jeremy Bentham stick on happiness, though each differ in approaches. Consequentialists are after the greatest happiness of the greatest number, by advocating on the struggle to that which may make man happy and avoid evil by all means. Aristotle on his side is on eudaimonism, where man is found to be happy but moral happy. Happiness for Aristotle should be reasonable, morally good and means should be maintained. This research is analytical by nature, where both qualitative and analytical methods have been implemented throughout the work. The work has been successful though some challenges could not be avoided. Finally, in doing or acting, man should observe virtue; and this is always doing good and avoiding evil.
Membrane is a thin, delicate, flat sheet which acts as a barrier for selective transport of species under the impact of some driving force. Membrane technology has gained important place in industrial and medicinal field because of its easy utility, efficient performance and low cast. Hemodialysis is an extensively used medical therapy for renal failure and dialysis membranes are essential components of a hemodialysis. The essential properties of a dialysis membrane are high mass transfer of toxic solutes (urea and uric acid) to reduce the dialysis time, maximum protein rejection ability and moderate water flux. Protein adsorption or deposition on the surface or in its pores results in reduction in flux, change of selectivity of the membrane and the low toxin elimination. Polymeric membrane fabricated from cellulose, regenerated cellulose and synthetic polymers are well known for dialysis. Asymmetric Cellulose Acetate (CA) membranes were prepared through phase inversion method and they were modified by blending various organic and inorganic additives. The effects of these additives on membrane’s morphology were investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Contact Angle. Fabricated membrane’s performance was studied in terms of pure water flux, porosity, water uptake, BSA rejection and urea clearance tests. Biocompatibility and blood mimic tests were conducted to find the interaction of synthesized membrane towards cell culture and blood comparable fluids. In first part, CA was blended with poly-ethylene glycol (PEG). The membranes were modified by blending CA/PEG casting solution with glycol. The modified membrane showed good selectivity for urea but was not suitable for dialysis operation. Hence, the composition was reformed using Hydroxyapatite particles (inorganic additive). The results showed enhanced BSA rejection and urea clearance but the obtained percentages were low to be utilized in dialysis. The biocompatibility outcomes of CA/PEG/HA membrane make it appropriate for other biomedical applications. In the second part, CA was blended with organic additives including sericine, Poly vinylpyrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene imine (PEI) to improve BSA rejection and Urea clearance of polymeric membrane. These membranes possess moderate pure water flux and hydrophilicity. Performance evaluation investigations confirmed that all these membranes had good pure water flux and BSA rejection above 90%. Membranes fabricated using blend of CA and PEI have highest urea clearance of 67.2%. So, this membrane was selected for further adjustment. During the last part, effect of solvent on CA/PEI dialysis membrane was investigated. Various solvents including acetic acid, formic acid, N, N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and 1-Methyl-2-pyrolidone (NMP) were tested. The performance efficiency of synthesized membranes verified to, when CA was blended with formic acid (F.A) have desired dialysis characteristics. It possesses moderate hydrophilicity, desired pure water flux value, optimum water uptake, above 98% BSA rejection and urea clearance percentage of 69%. The biocompatibility tests were conducted for CA/PEI/FA membrane using MTT (3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide )assay. It was found that the materials selected for this membrane fabrication were most suitable for dialysis application. Highest cell viability and cellular attachment found in biocompatibility analysis was higher in comparison with commercial dialysis tubing and non-treated control standard. CA/PEI/F.A membrane was further inspected via blood mimic solution to find the performance of membrane commensurate with blood type feed. The up short of the present work is that CA/PEI/F.A membrane is the best possible solution for dialysis. Providing new insight in the dialysis domain; this membrane is not only cost effective but also has high BSA rejection and Urea clearance. Accordingly, biocompatibility and blood mimic results prove it to be the finest device/implant for hemodialyser unit.