مولوی مظہرالحق صاحب پٹنہ
جس طرح ہمارا پرانا سال ایک بڑے قومی حادثہ یعنی پرانی تعلیم کے ایک بہترین نمونہ (مولانا حبیب الرحمان عثمانی دیوبندی) کے دائمی فقدان پر ختم ہوا، اسی طرح ہمارے نئے سال کا آغاز بھی ایک بڑے قومی حادثہ یعنی نئی تعلیم کے ایک بہترین نمونہ (مولوی مظہرالحق صاحب بیرسٹر پٹنہ) کی دائمی جدائی سے ہوا، مولوی مظہرالحق صاحب مرحوم کی قومی و سیاسی حیثیت تو الگ ہے، ان کی اخلاقی اور علمی حیثیت بھی کچھ کم قابل ذکر نہیں ہے، وہ فارسی سے واقف، عربی سے آشنا، انگریزی کے ادیب و خطیب اور فلسفہ کے نہایت دقیقہ رس طالبعلم تھے، ان کے علمی کارناموں کا آغاز طوفان نوح کی بحث سے ہوا، الپنچ پٹنہ اور وقت گورکھپور ان کے ابتدائی علمی مباحث کے جولان گاہ تھے، ان کی سب سے آخری علمی تحریر غالباً وہ ہے جو ابھی ابھی پونہ سے شائع ہونے والی انگریزی کی کتاب تصوف و روحانیت پر مقدمہ ہے، وہ نسباً فاروقی تھے، اس لئے ان کی اخلاقی قوت و جرأت کیا سلطنت اور کیا قوم دونوں کے مقابلہ میں برابر تھی، وہ جس کو حق سمجھتے تھے اس کے اظہار میں نہ ان کو سلطنت کی پروا ہوتی تھی اور نہ قوم کی، ان کا یوروپین طرز معاشرت کو الوداع کہہ کر وفعتہ مشرقی اور غالی مشرقی بن جانا ان کی بے مثال اخلاقی جرأت کا نمونہ ہے، مرحوم کی آخری عمر روح و روحانیت کی تحقیق میں صرف ہوئی، خدا ان کی روح کو اپنی مغفرت کی لازوال دولت سے مالا مال کرے، اب وہ وہاں پہنچ چکی ہے، جہاں کے کشف زار کے لئے وہ بے قرار تھی۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۳۰ء)
In Pakistan, although women’s activism was initiated since the country came into existence, but a diverse activism was observed by the nation in the form of ‘Aurat March during 2018-2020. The current study examines the Western feminism, what it was initiated for and its accomplishments in the current time. By employing a discourse analysis approach to the ‘Aurat March event, this study highlights the women’s activism in Pakistan, ‘Aurat March and the antipathy faced by organizers and supporters from the public because of its strange slogans and ridiculous placards. It also observes the relationship between western feminism and ‘Aurat March activism from the perspective of the social, cultural, and religious transformation of society. The study finds the need to raise a constructive and logical voice for women’s rights with support of the public to eradicate social evils instead of focusing on insignificant matters. It has further recommended that there is a need to build a framework in which one may be able to differentiate women’s rights in the context of western feminism and the limitation of women’s emancipation in Islamic context.
Present work describes the optimization of reaction parameters for biodiesel production using chemical and enzymatic transesterification of conventional as well as nonconventional feedstocks. Response Surface Methodology based upon central composite response surface design was used to optimize reaction parameters for biodiesel production. Different reaction parameters including catalyst/enzyme type, catalyst/enzyme concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and methanol to oil molar ratio were optimized and comprehensive protocols were developed to achieve highest biodiesel yields using both chemical and enzymatic transesterification. During chemical transesterification, NaOCH3 catalyzed transesterification was depicted to give highest biodiesel yields comparative to KOH, NaOH catalyzed transesterification whereas, during enzymatic transesterification, NOVOZYME-435 catalyzed transesterification resulted into higher biodiesel yields comparative to A.n.Lipase catalyzed transesterification reactions. Among different feedstocks studied, linseed oil exhibited highest biodiesel yield (96.5%) during chemical transesterification, while during enzymatic transesterification Eruca sativa oil exhibited best biodiesel yield (98.3%). For optimized chemical transesterification, 0.5 to 0.75% catalyst concentrations, 6:1 to 7.5:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 45 to 52.5oC and 60 min reaction time, whereas, for enzymatic transesterification 1.0 to 1.25% enzyme concentrations, 6:1 to 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 30 to 32.5oC reaction temperature and 60 to 96 hrs were depicted to be optimized reaction parameters to obtain highest product yields. Monitoring of transesterification reactions was carried out using FTIR spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), while compositional analysis of synthesized biodiesels was performed with Gas Chromatography equipped with Mass Spectrometric detector (GC-MS). Fuel characteristics including flash point, fire point, pour point, cloud point, density, ash content, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, higher heating value and oxidative stability were evaluated and found technically compatible and comparable with EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 specifications. Furthermore, exhaust emission levels of CO, NOx and PM from the engine exhaust operated on biodiesel and its blends (B-5, B-20, B-40, B-50, B-80 and B-100) were also estimated. Prominent reduction in both CO and PM whereas, irregular trends in NOx emissions were depicted from engine exhaust operated on biodiesel and its blends comparative to engine exhaust emissions based on petro diesel. Based upon the above described results, it can be depicted that biodiesel is an environment friendly alternative to the conventional petrodiesel.