Huizu Between Religious Control and Freedom in Communist China: A Study of Chinese Muslim Minority

The freedom of religion in communist China is an ambiguous notion as the communist party understands religion as a reminiscent of backwardness and simultaneously proclaims the freedom of religion in the country. Islam, religion practiced by Hui minority, is included among the recognized religions of China and its adherents are granted rights to follow it. This paper argues that the Communist party has employed a disguised policy of controlling religious belief through establishing state controlled religious organizations and imparting freedom to practice religion. The slow and steady mind-making through these institutions train Hui youth to withdraw from their religion and to facilitate this withdrawal, the previously extant correlation between Hui ethnicity and religion (Islam) has been eliminated by the state and Hui ethnicity has nothing to do with religious affiliation anymore. The data for this research has been collected through ethnographic research upon the Hui community of Xi’an, employing unobtrusive observation as well as intensive interviewing.

On alleged defects in black-hole mathematics: black hole existence controversies hinging on solution of field equation

The black hole existence and formation have been an unsettled debate, from inception, inviting the attention to look into the matter closely. Despite myriads of evidences for existence, the mathematical possibility of black hole-from Schwarzschild anticipation till the completion of physical structure- continues to be contested among theorists. Various aspects of mathematics involved in theoretical creation of black hole are exposed to question. Also, black holes' overwhelmingly capricious physical nature adds to curiosity of opponents to challenge the underlying theory as doubtful because of its being source of astounding outcomes. In this investigation we aimed at highlighting the conceptual elements in mathematics of black holes that breed the controversy. The reasons that permit the divided view over single physical entity are required to be pointed out in order to bring betterment into the way we run our mathematical investigation. The reasoning supports possibility of creation and existence of black holes along with physical and experimental evidences, would not be undermined here in order to restrict the investigation at finding the prime responsible elements in mathematical track that have potential to bring forth living disputes. The mathematical assumptions that serve as authentication to employ certain mathematical procedure to discuss formation of black holes and the role of mathematics in forming its intuition will be investigated conceptually and possibly philosophically, to reveal the anomalies: yet many other schemes and arguments may exist. This discussion is not aimed at disapproving the existence of black hole but the basic purpose is to reveal how Black Hole's mathematics remains controversial despite assumed evidence for existence