أهمية المنهج التطبيقي في تدريس الحديث النبوي وعلومه

Hadîth is the second important source of Islamic Law after the Qur’ᾱn. There is a consensus among the Muslims that Sunnah is the second revealed fundamental source of Islamic sciences. Due to the importance of these fundamental sources, Muslim scholars and educational institutions around the world have played an important role in the development of Hadîth sciences. There are different teaching methodologies and learning approaches. We should use different teaching methods to improve the quality of Hadith studies to the best level and achieve our objectives. The Applied approach is an approach that emphasizes the relevance of what is being learnt to the real world outside the classroom and makes that relevance as immediate and transparent as possible. It is a valuable approach that can be used at all levels of education. It motivates students, improves their confidence and also provides a meaningful context for learning both theoretical concepts and practical skills. There are immense possibilities for development in Hadîth studies by using the applied approach in teaching and learning of Hadîth and its sciences. The challenge is to ensure that applied approach in teaching of Hadith and its sciences plays a constructive role in improving the educational quality of Hadith studies to the level best. This research article is based on importance of applied approach in teaching of Hadîth and its Sciences.

Investigation of New Methods for the Conversion of Biomass in to Useful Fuel and Hydrocarbons

New methods for the liquefaction of Biomass were investigated and explored. These methods are based on the heat produced by microwave metal interaction. It utilizes microwave energy for the decomposition of biomass. The metal acts as antenna as well as heat generating medium. In this work three metals were used as the antenna. These are iron, copper and aluminium. The effect of the shape of antenna on the yield and efficiency of the process were investigated. Biomass was pyrolysed in all these antennas containing reactors in the microwave oven. These reactions were carried out both in the presence and absence of catalyst. Three types of catalysts i.e. Cement, kaolin and clinkered were used. These catalysts were intended to increase the yield and facilitate the pyrolysis process. The use of these catalysts also reduces consumption of energy. Each of the catalyst was used in different metal antenna in separate experiments. The amount of each of catalyst was optimized in the range of 1:1-1:10 ratio for obtaining maximum yield and conversion. The results for the process were found according to the predictions. In each case biomass was converted into aqueous and oily liquids, gases and char like residue by the microwave metal interaction pyrolysis. The volatile products were collected in cold traps while the amount of gases was determined by difference. The oily product of the pyrolysis was analysed using GC/MS and some chemical tests. It was observed that the nature of active species of the pyrolysis determines the nature of products and these itself depends upon the microwave flux and heat generated in addition to the activity of catalyst as well as catalytic activity of the metals.