عورت کی وراثت اور پاکستان میں سماجی و قانونی حیثیت کا اسلامی تعلیما ت کی روشنی میں تحقیقی جائزہ

The Holy Quran is seen as the ultimate source of guidance and knowledge in Islam. It defines inheritance as automatic transfer of possession by which estate person transfers to the heirs as succession. In the Quran Surat Al Nisa explains about inheritane in just a manner that is due to each individual, male female. This Surah of the Quran has clearly specifies that women should no longer be treated as cattle and commodities, but as individuals, they have the legal right to inherit. The Quran mentions plainly the women right of inheritance in Surat Al Nisa : “ Allah Charge you concerning (i provision for) your children : to the male equivalent of the portion of two females, and if there be women more than two, then theirs is two-third of inheritance, and there be one(only) then the half. Islam gives the women right of inheritance, but the practical situation is different in society and country laws of inheritance. Women are often deprived of this fundamental right especially when it comes inheritance of immoveable assets i.e land. There are numerous reasons to deprive women from inheritance, for example cultural practices such as considering dowry as an alternate to inheritance etc. But the major cause is lack of knowledge and awareness regarding Shariah Law and state legislature due to rampant literacy and dominant role of customs and culture. This research article is an attempt to describe Islamic Law of inheritance along with the extensive study to analyze the practical social and legal status in Pakistani society, and awareness among the women of Pakistan.

Contribution of Muslim Landed Elite in Politics in Punjab from 1906-1947

This dissertation explains the contribution made by the Muslim landed elites to the separatist politics in the colonial Punjab. It aims at presenting the narrative of the origin and development of Muslim nationalist consciousness as a result of Muslim landed elites’ conflict with the classes of moneylenders and professional urban middle classes. The research focuses on studying the phenomenon of Muslim separatism in the Punjab from the standpoint of Marxian notion of class conflict as most of the studies on Muslim nationalism are based on essentialist interpretation of this phenomenon. This study views the emergence of consciousness of Muslims as a distinct cultural community in interrelationship between class interests of Muslim landed aristocracy and imperial institutions. The Muslim landed gentry was nurtured and patronized by the British colonial state. The post-annexation Punjab witnessed tremendous modernization of infrastructure of roads or railways and agricultural colonization. The pastoral-agrarian Punjab thus became integrated into world capitalist market with the export of its surplus wheat, cotton and oilseeds. The agricultural production was revolutionized by technological innovation and as a consequence, social organization in rural and urban areas was developed in accordance with imperial interests. When the British introduced institutions like District Boards, Municipal Committees and Legislative Council to have representation of rural and urban elites; the landed and mercantile classes pursued conflicting interests. The Muslim landed classes championed the cause of Muslim communal interests in the Punjab to shield their economic and political position against the growing mercantile classes. They entrenched themselves in the imperial political institution by securing their nominations which solidified communal identity. The Punjab National Unionist Party was established by Punjab landed notables in 1923 and it played a remarkable role in the construction of Muslim identity and also served as counterweight to nationalist ideology of the Congress. The development of Muslim communal consciousness showed the imprint of pastoral-agrarian society in the Punjab. The constitutional communalism employed by Unionist Party eventually paved the way for the victory of All India Muslim League in its struggle for separate homeland. When All India Muslim iv League entered the Punjab with its separatist ideology in 1940, the scions of landed gentry jumped on to its bandwagon as they perceptively observed the signs of the crumbling of the Raj in the wake of World War II. They organized the Punjab Muslim League and provided it with the funds necessary for propagating the message of separate homeland. The process of communal consciousness which began with the constitutional communalism of the Punjab Nationalist Unionist Party. This dissertation argues that Muslim nationalist consciousness did not appear suddenly and abruptly after the Lahore Resolution of 1940. The dissertation seeks to give an alternative narrative to the prevailing interpretation that it was Muslim League under the leadership of MA Jinnah which brought Muslim nationalist consciousness to the Punjab.