آہ! ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفےٰ خاں
زمیں کھا گئی آسماں کیسے کیسے
(رفیق احمد خان)
’’جناب مشفق خواجہ کا غم ابھی تازہ ہی تھا کہ ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفےٰ خان اور ڈاکٹر سید معین الرحمن نے بھی داغ مفارقت دیا، یہ دونوں بزرگ علم و ادب کے آسمان پر مہر و ماہ بن کر ضوفشاں تھے، یقینا قارئین معارف رفیق احمد خاں صاحب کے ممنون ہوں گے کہ انہوں نے ان دونوں مقتدر علمی و ادبی شخصیتوں پر مقالہ سپرد قلم کیا، عتیق جیلانی صاحب کے بھی ہم ممنون ہیں کہ انہوں نے بھی ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفےٰ صاحب پر اپنے مضمون سے قارئین معارف کو متمتع ہونے کا موقع بخشا، قارئین معارف کو مشفق خواجہ صاحب پر بھی کسی پاکستانی صاحب قلم کے مضمون کا انتظار رہے گا‘‘۔ (ض)
ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفےٰ خاں صاحب (م ۲۵؍ ستمبر ۲۰۰۵ء) کے بارے میں کچھ عرض کرنا سورج کو چراغ دکھانے کے مترادف ہے، وہ کسی تعریف یا تعارف کے محتاج نہیں، ڈاکٹر صاحب کی شخصیت قدر و منزلت کے اعتبار سے کئی پہلو رکھتی ہے، تاہم دو پہلو صاف، واضح اور روشن ہیں، ایک ’’محققـ‘‘ دوسرے ’’مذہبی اور روحانی عالم‘‘۔
تحقیق کے اصل اور حقیقی تقاضوں سے محققین و فضلا ہی آگاہ ہوتے ہیں اور وہی جانتے ہیں کہ انہیں کیوں کر نبھایا جاتا ہے، تحقیق ایک خاص طرز زندگی کا مطالبہ کرتی ہے، ڈاکٹر صاحب نے ایک مقام پر لکھا ہے ’’ہم کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ تحقیق کو بہ طور ایک طرز زندگی اپنانا ہی اولین اور بنیادی اور لازمی شرط ہے‘‘۔
ہم دیکھتے ہیں کہ ڈاکٹر صاحب اپنی عمر کا ایک بڑا حصہ اسی خاص انداز سے گزار کر اس جہانِ فانی سے دائم آباد کو رخصت ہوئے، ان کی زندگی ہمارے لیے قابل فخر اور لائق تقلید ہے۔
ڈاکٹر صاحب کی متعدد خوبیوں میں سے صرف دو کا...
Abstract The paper identifies major changes in educational policies in Pakistan after the incident of September 11. It hoards the facts on the attack of September 11(2001) that had no direct link with Pakistan, but has changed the spectrum of regional policies and shifted the traditional way of learning with west-led agenda on the name of international standards. The study indicates major changes and shifts in the education policies and national curriculum as well as amendments in legal framework and laws including 18th Constitutional Amendment of 2010 and Article-25A of the Constitution of Pakistan. The struggle for uniform education system by various political and military governments throughout the history of Pakistan since independence is also scooped and a comprehensive view is provided on major policy changes and its impacts on education system in Pakistan. The research is based on analysis of primary and secondary sources of information. It is a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Pakistan as a State still is in the list of developing countries and struggling with internal and external problems and their effects caused hurdles in the process of development and reforms in various sectors including education. Security remained one of the major subjects of focus for Pakistan for last many decades along with other administrative matters. The matters including economy, infrastructure development and strengthen democratic system in with democratic or dictator led governments whichever was the case of administration continued tackling with security and terrorism within the state as a top priority issue since 9/11. Pakistan’s investment on education sector remained poor in which resulted lagging behind of the country in all major development indicators. Education remained the core subject that bough up revolution in 21st century and hence has acquired greater importance around the world. After 18th Amendment, the duty of satisfactory spending on education consequently dwells with each province to have the capacity to satisfy Pakistan's national and international duties regarding education. The research encompassed efforts of Pakistan’s administration during various eras on national and international level to meet requirements of international standard education policies.
The present investigation focuses on dendrochronological studies of various pine forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). Their quantitative survey, population structure and multivariate analyses are also presented. Wood samples of five conifers from different sites of Azad Jammu and Kashmir were taken. These species were Abies pindrow Royle, Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.), Picea smithiana (Wall) Boiss, Pinus roxburghii Sargent and Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson respectively. Crossdating of all samples was done by using skeleton plot technique. Among these, two species (Abies pindrow and Cedrus deodara) from four sites (Pir Chinasi, Sudhan Gali, Kail and Keran) gave long series with sensitive ring sequences which were cross matched successfully. The remaining sites and species were not included as they had short series with almost similar ring sequences (complacent rings). The two above mentioned species showed some signs like scars, wounds, cracks and sensitive rings due to various past disturbance events like earthquakes, landslides, fire etc. Raw and standardized versions of tree ring chronologies of two sensitive species from four sites were developed. A maximum dated chronology of Abies pindrow extended back to 1697-2009 A.D. for 312 years was obtained from Sudhan Gali. Years with slow radial growth (narrow rings) and with rapid radial growth (wide rings) were also recorded. The estimation of age and growth rate of each species was also done. Among all the sampled species, the maximum age of 336 years was observed in both Abies pindrow and Pinus wallichiana. However, other species attained more than hundred years of age. The maximum radial growth was seen in Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow with the values of 0.92 and 0.47cm per year respectively. On the other hand the growth rate of Picea smithiana and Cedrus deodara was slow with the values of about 0.22 and 0.30 cm per year respectively. The dbh and growth rate of most of the trees from sampled forests were negatively while dbh and age were positively correlated. Quantitative sampling from thirty one stands was carried out in different coniferous forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. For ecological studies, trees were sampled using Point Centered Quarter (PCQ) method. Though coniferous forests were highly disturbed either naturally or due to anthropogenic activities, therefore sampling was preferred to those forests which were near fault line in order to analyze the effects of past earthquakes and landslides on vegetation of these areas. On the basis of 10phytosociological studies, nine communities of six conifer species and one associated broad leaved tree species were defined depending on their importance value. Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow were the dominant species found in twenty one and fourteen sampled forests respectively. Picea smithiana and Cedrus deodara were present infrequently in eight and seven stands respectively. Pinus roxburghii was growing on lower elevations as compared to other conifer species. Pinus roxburghii and Aesculus indica were found as co-dominant species in few stands. Taxus fuana, Morus alba and Betula utilis were rarely present. Frequency size class distribution of trees diameter of all forests was presented. Similarly, for seedlings and saplings, regeneration status of all the sampled forests was done. A total of sixty six understorey plant species were recorded in 1.5 meter radius circular plots. Among these thirty seven were common while twenty eight species occurred infrequently in the sampled forests. This study revealed that these forests have diverse and asymmetric structure due to anthropogenic disturbances and overgrazing, which are key factors in addition to natural disturbances. However, some of the forests showed considerably stable structure due to less human interference. Multivariate analysis was applied on sampled tree species from thirty one different forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Results of cluster analysis (using Ward’s method) yielded six groups. Both the cluster analysis and ordination techniques (by two dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling) were used to classify structure of various groups and interrelationship among different species. The groups of trees were superimposed on NMS ordination; they were well classified and well separated out in ordination.