ادبی سفر کا آغاز
ناطق کے ادبی سفر کا آغاز بچپن سے ہی ہوا تھا۔وہ بتاتے ہیں کہ شروع میں مصوری کرنا انھیں پسند تھا اپنے دوستوں کی ڈرائنگ کاپیاں بنایا کرتے تھے۔ پھر مجسمہ سازی میں بھی اپنا ہنر آزمایا۔وہ ادبی سفر کے آغاز میں اپنے تجربات بتاتے ہوئے کہتے ہیں کہ :
’’ہمارے گھر کے پاس ایک شیشم کا درخت تھا جس پر ایک دن کوئل بیٹھی تھی۔وہ ایک درخت سے دوسرے درخت پر جابیٹھی تو اسے دیکھ کر میں نے کہا کہ یہ تو میں بھی کرسکتا ہوں۔تو میں نے بھی ویسے ہی کرنے کی کوشش کی لیکن میں منہ کے بل نیچے خس وخاشاک پہ آگرا۔اسی طرح کے تجربات میں کرتا رہتا تھا۔ہر چیز کو آزمایا اور آزمانے کے بعد نتیجہ نکالا کہ یہ میں کرسکتا ہوں اور یہ میں نہیں کر پاؤں گا۔"(1)
تجربات کے بعد جب ناطق نتیجہ نکالتے تو وہ اس چیز کو ترک کردیتے جو وہ نہیں کرپاتے تھے مگر وہ اسے دیکھ کر کرنے کی کوشش ضرور کرتے تھے۔پھر کتابیں پڑھنا شروع کیں تو پڑھتے ہوئے میں نے سوچا کہ یہ کتنا اچھا لکھا ہوا ہے اور پھر یہ شوق بڑھتا گیا بچپن میں ہی اپنے دوستوں پر خاکے لکھنا شروع کر دیے اور شاعری کرنا شروع کردی وہ بتاتے ہیں کہ شاعری کی طرف پہلے راغب ہوا۔ناطق کا خاندان جب ہجرت کرکے پاکستان آیا تو اتنے مشکل حالات میں بھی ان کے دادا جان جو عربی اور فارسی دونوں زبانوں پر کمال عبور رکھتے تھے۔ہندوستان سے اپنی کتابیں ساتھ لانے میں کامیاب رہے ،وہ ان کی ادب سے دلچسپی تھی۔انہوں نے بتایا کہ وہ اپنے بچپن میں اپنے دادا کی کتابیں پڑھتے تھے۔ کہانیاں پڑھنے کا شوق وہ بچپن ہی سے...
Sharing water resources within country and amongst transborder countries often create conflict because of increasing demand of fresh water for their domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors due to growing population and increasing economic activities. As a result, every country is interested to build more water storages like dams and barrages to safeguard their water requirements in the lean periods or to protect their areas during flood period. Therefore, a transboundary conflict amongst riparian countries on water sharing is obvious facts which are resolved either through bilateral dialogue or by involving international arbitrators. Similarly, a conflict of water sharing within a country has also been serious issue particularly during drought and lean period resulting political conflicts and obstacles in construction of dams and reservoirs. Pakistan is country of 207 million populations, the sixth of the most populated country of the world has been facing transboundary water sharing conflict with India while within a country inter provinces mistrust over water distribution has created reservation over the construction of new water storages. Pakistan has two agreements which provide legal framework for water distribution and management. Indus Water Treaty is an international agreement signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan and other is national agreement amongst the provinces called Indus water accord signed in 1991 by province. Despite several reservations and hostile territorial conflicts between India and Pakistan the Indus water treaty has been successfully functioning in managing water distribution of Indus River and its eastern tributaries originate from Indian occupied Kashmir. Similarly, Indus water accord 1991 provides a mechanism to resolve water sharing conflicts amongst provinces.
Discursive Reconstruction of the Native American Subject in Sherman Alexie's Works The Native American subject has been misconstructed by the Euro-American historical, media, literary and politico-juridical discourses for the White colonial capitalist agenda. Columbus, the most hated individual by the Native Americans, initiated their genocide in the name of civilization and service to Christ. Onwards from the discovery of the New World in 1492, Euro-American history, geography, politics, judiciary, literature, media and even religion all served as instruments of colonial project to construct Red Indians as a cannibalistic community whose extinction is unavoidable for the preservation of humanity. Sherman Alexie, a Coeur de Alene Native American author’s works reconstruct the Native American subject from tribal perspective. His revisionism discursively brings the Native American subject into interiority. The subject in The Summer of Black Widows and First Indian on the Moon, conscious of domestic imperialism, is proudly rooted in the past, challenges Euro-American misrepresentation without compromise and imaginatively reactivates the old American Indian cultural patterns and practices. It dismantles the historical oblivion and brings to the surface the cultural identity from pre-Columbian context to write back to the imperialist misconstruction. But the subject in Ten Little Indians, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time Indian and Flight is simultaneously rooted in both the Euro- American and the Native American discursivities. In the latter case, the subject is realistically conscious of the existing milieu of the United States in which survival without acceptance of the multi-cultural and multi-racial institutionalized bioforce and governmentality is not possible. Flight and Diary offer a solution to the nihilist vision presented in The Indian Killer. The frustrated Native American subject is frequently bogged down into historical trauma, colonialism, alcoholism and racism but the subject in Flight, Diary and Ten Little Indians realizes the need for healing the ravages of traumatic inheritance of genocide. Forgiveness, compassion and empathy emerge as a solution to the imbroglio of agony and suffering. The optimist subject in Alexie’s latter works develops the simultaneous relationship with past and present: the former is necessary to preserve the tribal identity of the Native American culture and the latter is significant in view of the modern multicultural, multi-ethnic and technologized milieu of the United States.