MANAJEMEN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI PESANTREN: PERSPEKTIF EPISTEMOLOGI

Management of Islamic education in pesantren needs to return to its historical roots in order to confirm the identity, character, distinctiveness and uniqueness. There is a spirit that is timeless, even the underlying model of ideal education in the contemporary era. Development of Islamic epistemology for education should be able to give birth to a generation of Muslims who worships in the field of religion and experts in the field of science and technology. Pesantren as an educational institution of Islam with a good management should be able to play its role to achieve this goal. Whereas in fact there who think that pesantren have not been able to put its strategic position in the development of science in accordance with the times. Nevertheless, the existence of Islamic educational institutions such as pesantren is evidence that pesantren have been organized in a good management so that it can survive in changing times from time to time. More precisely knowing Islamic education management in pesantren from the perspective of epistemology may illustrate that pesantren will continue to be needed to confront the changing times.

Kinetics of Photochemical Reactions of Thionine

Hie photochemical reduction of thionine by N-phenyl glycine, N-allylurea, N -phonylurea and thiourea in absolute me¬ thanol ms investigated. An apparatus for the irradiation of air free solutions, with known intensities of monochromatic light was constructed. Double walled glass reaction cell was deviced in which nitrogen inlet/outlet, water inlet/outlet ar¬ rangements were made. Acidities of the reaction solutions were controlled using buffer solutions. Acidities determined spec- trophotometrically using basic indicator were expressed in terms of a Hamnett acidity function. Variations of quantum ef¬ ficiencies in absolute methanol have been determined at various concentrations of thionine, reductants, and acidities. The oxy¬ gen free reaction solutions were irradiated and the react ions were followed by measuring the intensity of light transmitted. The quantum efficiency, in yellow light, for the dis¬ appearance of thionine, was found to be a function of reductant concentration, acidity and temperature. The quantum efficiency was found to be independent of the concentration of thionine. The results have been interpreted in terms of a reaction mechanism Ratios of the certain rate constants for the proposed mec banian have been evaluated. It was found that the quantum efficiency is controlled by two equilibriums between: i) triplet state of thionine with proton, and protonated triplet state of thionine, and ii) protonated triplet state of thionine with reductant, and associated complex of thionine with reductant.