چودھری محمد علی صاحب ردولوی
افسوس ہے کہ ہماری قدیم تہذیب کی یادگاریں ایک ایک کر کے اٹھتی جاتی ہیں اور پرانی محفل اجڑتی جاتی ہے، ان ہی یادگاروں میں ایک چودھری محمد علی صاحب مرحوم ردولوی بھی تھے، وہ امراؤ شرفائے اودھ کی تہذیب کا نمونہ تھے، ان کی شخصیت بڑی دلکش و دلپزیر تھی، بڑے خوش مذاق، زندہ دل، بذلہ سنج حاضر جواب اور علم مجلسی کے بڑے ماہر تھے، ان کی ہر چیز میں خوبی و لطافت اور زبان وقلم دونوں میں بڑے دلکشی تھی، تحریر میں صاحب طرز ادیب اور خوش گفتاری میں ہزار داستان تھے، جس محفل میں بیٹھتے تھے اپنی خوش بیانی سے چھاجاتے تھے، ان کی تحریر میں سادگی کے ساتھ بڑی تازگی اور بے ساختگی تھی، اس طرز میں وہ منفرد تھے، اہل زبان حضرات میں بھی اس طرز میں لکھنے والا کوئی نہ تھا، مگر ان کی تحریر اور گفتگو دونوں میں اودھ کا پرانا بے فکری کا تفریحی مذاق غالب تھا اس لیے تحریر کا دائرہ ادب و افسانے تک محدود تھا، اور اسی میں ان کا طرز تحریر کھلتا بھی تھا سنجیدہ علمی و ادبی مباحث سے ان کو زیادہ دلچسپی نہ تھی، اگر کبھی بھولے سے اس کوچہ میں نکل آتے تھے تو اس میں بھی تفریحی رنگ پیدا ہوجاتا تھا، یہی حال ان کی گفتگو کا تھا، ان کی سنجیدہ گفتگو بھی لطائف و ظرائف سے خالی نہ ہوتی تھی۔
ان کی عمر اسی (۸۰) کے قریب تھی مگر ان کی طبیعت سدا بہار تھی، اسلئے اس زمانہ میں بھی نہ وہ کسی سوسائٹی کے لیے اجنبی ہوئے تھے اور نہ کوئی سوسائٹی ان کے لیے اجنبی تھی، ہر عمر ہر مذاق اور ہر طبقہ کے لوگوں سے ان کے یکساں تعلقات تھے، اور جس مجمع میں بیٹھتے اس میں گھل مل کر...
Islam is a belief that prefers purity who introduces cleanliness from birth to demise. In the faith of Islam, there are orders for cleanliness, from cleansing the human body to the lane, the community, and the whole nation. Even the fact that all human deeds of worship are subject to ablution emphasizes the significance of cleanliness. Cleanliness is a commendation of Allah and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W). Cleanliness is the nourishment of spirituality. Islam is theology in qualities. All the codes and prerequisites of exact nature are present in Islam. Islam has stressed cleanliness. It has instructed us to embrace both outer and inner cleanliness. Because the external influences the interior. Physical soundness is obtained, which makes it effortless to acquire internal cleanliness. When the inner self is also cleansed, an individual becomes a servant of Allah, freed from spiritual contaminants and impurities.
The environmental pollution on a global scale is expected to be the greatest problem that scientists will face in the 21 st century. Semiconductor photocatalysis is green technology that allows the use of sunlight for the destruction of pollutants, thus providing an attractive route to potentially solve the problem. However, the efficiency and availability of photocatalysts which can be activated by the solar spectrum and specially indoor lighting is severely limited. Therefore, the purpose of this present work was to synthesize the metal and nonmetal doped TiO 2 –graphene composite photocatalysts in order to obtain the best photocatalytic efficiency under visible light irradiation. In first step, doped TiO 2 nanoparticles were prepared by simple sol-gel method and secondly graphene-doped/TiO 2 composites were synthesized by hydrothermal process. Different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electrn microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron sepectroscopy (XPS), Diffuse reflectance spetroscopy (DRS) and Photoluminscence spectroscopy (PL) were used to study the structure, morphology, chemical composition and optical properties of the prepared photocatalysts. XRD results showed that all doped and composite samples showed only anatse phase structure. It was noted that doping of TiO 2 with metals, nonmetal and also graphene incorporation did not change the anatse phase structure of TiO 2 . The average crystallite size found for all doped samples were in the range of 7-10 nm. TEM images also showed TiO 2 nanoparticles with average particle size in 8-13 nm range, which is in good agreement with XRD results. Moreover, results of all composite samples demonstrated that TiO 2 nanoparticles were successfully loaded on whole graphene sheets and hydrothermal process had played a role for the reduction of xixgraphene oxide. XPS technique confirmed that metals, nometal and graphene were present in the composite samples. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy results demonstrated that the doping and graphene incorporation have significant effect on the optical properties of TiO 2 in visible light region. Photoluminscence results verified that metals and nometal doping and graphene introduction was effective to reduce the recombiation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange was investigated by using different photocatalysts under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm) for 3 h. All composite samples showed enhanced photocatalytic activty under visible light illumination. The maximum photodegradation was observed for nitrogen doped TiO 2 -graphene composite photocatalyst which is thirty time higher than commercial Degussa P25. The highest photodegradation of the composite catalyst was due to the synergetic effects of enhanced visible-light absorption, efficient charge separation, enhanced adsorptivity on the composite catalyst surface due to two-dimensional planar structure of graphene.