پنڈت ہردے ناتھ کنزرو
یہ سطریں لکھی جارہی تھیں کہ پنڈت ہردنے ناتھ کنزرد کی وفات کی خبر ملی، انھوں نے بڑی لمبی عمر پائی، نوے سال کے تھے، وہ ایک جلیل القدر، مرنجان مرنج، بامروت، وضعدار شخصیت، پارلیمانی دستور کے بڑے ماہر ہندو مسلمان کی ملی جلی تہذیب کے عمدہ نمونہ اور اردو زبان کے بڑے محسن کی حیثیت سے برابر یاد کئے جائیں گے، وہ اپنی ترشی ہوئی بھلمنساہت کی وجہ سے ہندوستان کی سیاست کی جذباتی ہم آہنگی کے قابل تقلید نمونہ بن سکتے ہیں، بشرطیکہ موجودہ قومی دھارے کے بنانے والے ان کو ایسا ہی سمجھیں۔ (’صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، اپریل ۱۹۷۸ء)
تهدف هذه الدراسة للتعرف على واقع التعليم الإلكتروني بالمغرب، وكذلك الكشف عن الآليات الموظفة في هذا القطاع، وإبراز الإجراءات التي اتبعت من طرف وزارة التربية الوطنية لنشر هذه التكنولوجيا بالمؤسسات التعليمية، والتعرف على المعيقات التي تعترض اعتماد نمط التعليم الإلكتروني. وللوقوف على واقع هذا النوع من التعليم، تكونت عينة البحث من (120) أستاذة وأستاذا، شكلوا مجتمع الدراسة بسلكي التعليم الابتدائي والثانوي، التابعين لأكاديمية التربية والتعليم بجهة طنجة تطوان الحسيمة. وقد وزعت عليهم استمارات بنيت بكل دقة، وتضمنت أربعة محاور ممتدة على خمسة وعشرين سؤالا، تناولت بتفصيل كل عناصر الموضوع. وللإجابة عن تساؤلات البحث، وبناء على أهداف الدراسة ومتغيراتها تم الاعتماد على: المنهج الإحصائي الكمي لحساب التكرارات، والمنهج الوصفي التحليلي التركيبي القائم على أسلوب تحليل المحتوى. وقد أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن التعليم الإلكتروني بالمغرب مازال قاصرا عن تحقيق الأهداف المرجوة منه، نظرا لعدة إكراهات كضعف التكوين والصعوبات المادية والمشاكل المرتبطة بالتجهيز.
الكلمات المفتاحية: التعليم الإلكتروني، تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات، جهة طنجة تطوان الحسيمة.
Peach is the second most important stone fruit crop of Pakistan after apricot. Stone fruits are characteristically soft-fleshed, high in water contents thus highly perishable and they have a limited market life potential. Fruit quality is another important aspect which is desired by the consumers and high quality fruits give high economic returns. In Pakistan not much emphasis was given to develop methodologies to get high quality than quantity. Enhancement of the fruit quality like size, color, texture and nutrient contents to high level is only possible during the growth and development in pre-harvest phase, whereas, maintenance of the fruit quality for long time is possible with better postharvest management. Preharvest factors often interact in complex ways. Peaches are climacteric fruit and are harvested at mature stage before ripening. After harvest rapid ripening in peach fruit is responsible for short shelf life and represents a serious constraint for efficient handling and transportation for local as well as for distant markets. Ripening can be slowed down by cold storage. However, cold storage life of peach is frequently limited by chilling injury (CI) and losses in quality. Peach fruits after extended cold storage present symptoms of internal breakdown (IB). These symptoms are attributed to low calcium content. The search for alternative treatments that would maintain the fruit quality for longer period to transport the fruit to distant markets is the most important issue for peach industry. On the other hand, food safety is a major concern shared by consumers, industry and governments. The present study was aimed to investigate the possible effects of different concentrations of food grade chemicals like calcium chloride (1%, 2 % and 3%), putrescine (1mM, 2 mM and 3 mM) and salicylic Acid (1 mM, 2 mM and 3 mM) during fruit growth on tree 1 2 and after harvesting the fruit to improve fruit quality and to extend the storage potential of peach fruit. The fruit was stored for six weeks at 1 ± 1 ºC with 90-95 % relative humidity. Changes in fresh weight, color, ethylene synthesis, total soluble solids, fruit firmness, sugars, total antioxidants, enzymes, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and membrane leakage as affected by different treatments were studied. In the first experiment (Pre-harvest treatments) CaCl2 (1 % ) and Put (2 mM) treatments increased fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp: stone ratio and yield compared to control. All treatments resulted in higher fruit firmness, acidity and ascorbic acid contents than control at harvest. Higher calcium treatments proved toxic. When these fruits were placed in cold store, the results revealed that foliar application of Put (2 mM) significantly suppressed ethylene production during storage and prolonged storage life of peach fruit. The undesirable changes in fruit firmness, TA, SSC, and concentration of ascorbic acid in the fruit flesh, were significantly slowed down by Put treatments. Development of fruit color after harvest was significantly delayed by foliar applications of Put (2 mM). Higher antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD) activity, free radical scavenging activity and sensory evaluation was also maintained by Put (2 mM) treatment. During the second experiment where no preharvest treatment was applied rather only postharvest effect of treatments was compared, CaCl2 (2 %) concentration was proved to be the most effective in marinating the quality till the end of the storage. From present work it can be referred that spraying calcium chloride and putrescine can be equally effective in improving yield and physicochemical characteristics of peach cv. „Flordaking‟. Furthermore, it can be concluded 3 that storability of „Flordaking‟ peaches can be extended by pre-harvest Put (2 mM) treatment. While the results of the second experiment suggest that CaCl2 (2 %) treatment can be successfully used if processors get fruit which was not treated during preharvest to maintain the quality of peach fruit during storage which can be effective in marketing it to the distant areas.