تقسيم العقوبات المادية بين الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الوضعي

Allah (S.W.T) has given solutions to all worldly problems in Islamic Sharīʿah; this is why many crimes are punished through monetary laws. Whatever money is collected through these monetary punishments is deposited in the government’s treasury. This monetary punishment is called gharāmah. According to Islamic jurisprudence penalty plus punishment might be reduced if the accused is a juvenile or mentally unstable or drunk or has committed the crime by mistake, or was asleep or not fully awake or not in his full senses.  Furthermore, some criminals are acquitted just after acceptance and repentance. This paper attempts to study this topic.

علماے اندلس کی علم رسم قرآنی میں خدمات پانچویں صدی ہجری تک: تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ

Andalusia (Spain) had been an Islamic centre of knowledge and literature for a long period of time in the Islamic history. Muslims, not only worked and researched a lot in all fields, but also endeavored and have done monumentous efforts in the fields of Quranic Orthography (ilmu-rasam). Their efforts are buried in the books of history, out of sight and waiting for our attention. It is miracle of Quran that it is safe from amendments, modifications, and alterations; so it is also its miracle that its orthography is safe from modifications, and alterations. I have made a humble attempt in this dissertation, to elaborate the history of Quranic Orthography (ilmu-rasam) and have addressed the suspicions raised by orient lists, regarding efforts of Islamic scholars of Andalusia in this field. Research plan: This dissertation mainly consists of an introduction of dissertation, and five chapters. Further the introduction introduces the advent of Islam in Spain; analysis of a short history of Quranic Orthography, a need and pattern, fundamental question of research and also includes analysis on the previous efforts made on the subject and further outlines/synopsis of dissertation. The First Chapter deals with the efforts of scholars of Andalusia relating to Quranic Orthography in the first and second century. The second Chapter deals with the efforts of scholars of Andalusia relating to Quranic Orthography in the Third Century. The Third Chapter deals with the efforts of scholars of Andalusia relating to Quranic Orthography in the Fourth Century. The Fourth Chapter deals with the efforts of scholars of Andalusia relating to Quranic Orthography in the Fifth Century. The Fifth Chapter consists of evaluation of the efforts of scholars of Andalusia relating to Quranic Orthography in the First five centuries. The conclusion consists of the outcomes of Research, bibliography of Primary and secondary sources.