خلاصہ بحث
قرآن مجید اللہ تعالیٰ کا کلام ہے جس میں مختلف انداز واسالیب کا ذکر کیا گیا ہے تاکہ انسانی نفوس پر کلام گراں نہ گذرے۔مختلف اسالیبِ قرآنی میں سے ایک اسلوب اسلوب ِاستفہام ہے۔ قرآن مجید میں اللہ تعالیٰ اپنے بندوں سے مختلف سوال فرماتے ہیں جو کہ مختلف نوعیت کے حامل ہوتے ہیں۔ ان سوالات کی آیات کو آیاتِ استفہام کہا جاتا ہے ، جن میں کئی ایک مصلحتیں پوشیدہ ہیں ۔کہیں انسان کو ڈرانے کے لئے سوال ہے تو کہیں باطل کا رد کرنے کے لئے ،کہیں بغرض توبیخ کے ہے تو کہیں تشویق کی غرض سے، الغرض استفہامی اسلوب کو متعدد مقامات پر متعدد مقاصد کیلئے لایا گیا ہے۔فصل ہذا میں استفہام کے لغوی واصطلاحی معنی بیان کرتے ہوئے ادوات استفہام کی وضاحت کی گئ ہے اور قرآن کا استفہامیہ اسلوب بیان کیا گیا ہے آیات استفہام کی تعداد اور جن سورتوں میں یہ وارد ہوئیں ہیں انکی تعداد بیان کی گئی ہے اور تفاسیر کی روشنی میں آیات استفہام کا تحقیقی جائزہ پیش کیا گیا ہے۔قرآن مجید میں کل نو(۹) ادواتِ استفہام کو ذکر کرتے ہوئے قرآن مجید کی چھیانوے (۹۶) سورتوں میں کل آٹھ سو چونسٹھ (۸۶۴) آیات میں استفہامی اندازِ بیان کو استعمال کیا گیا ہے۔
The purpose of this research is to validate the multi-dimensional scale of EntrepreneurialcEcosystem in the context of Pakistan. This research is based on 7 constructs with 54 items that affect the entrepreneurial ecosystem in any given region. The sample of 244 respondents are the owners of companies and, startups who participated in this research. The Confirmatory factory analysis showed factor loadings of all constructs greater than 0.40, while partial least square structural equation modeling showed acceptable values of construct reliability, composite reliability, however, average variance extracted was shown to be greater than 0.40 and less than the acceptable value of 0.5 for some constructs, while the HTMT ratio established discriminant validity of the constructs another criterion i.e. Fornell-Larcker criterion also established the discriminant validity of the constructs with some constructs having values less than 0.705, while some of the item outer loadings were found to be between 0.6-0.70 however, within the acceptable range. This research has validated the multi-dimensional scale of the entrepreneurial ecosystem with new sub-domain i.e. Support professions and support finance. This scale can be used to measure the strength of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of any region with appropriate homogeneous sample
Okra is an important vegetable crop known for its high nutritional value. It needs frequent irrigation for good economic yield. Despite the fact that Pakistan has world’s best irrigation system, it is amongst world’s most water stressed countries. Keeping in view the upcoming water shortage in future, a study composed of four different experiments was conducted during summer season for two consecutive years (i.e. 2013 and 2014). In first experiment, to find out critical crop growth stage and to assess harmful effects of drought on okra growth, quality and yield parameters, deficit irrigation (50% less water than normal requirement) was applied at seedling (S), vegetative (V) and reproductive (R) stage, alone as well as in all possible combinations (i.e. S+V, V+R, S+R, S+V+R). While in second and third experiment the foliar application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid at different growth stages of okra (2 leaf stage, 4 leaf stage, flowering stage and their combinations) was evaluated for drought mitigation. Additionally, in fourth experiment inoculation of okra seed with different doses of azotobacter prior to seed sowing were also tested under drought conditions. Results of study revealed that drought at seedling stage increased plant mortality percentage. However, the survived plants successfully recovered and gave good yield while drought at vegetative and reproductive stage was highly destructive for morphological and reproductive traits, respectively. However, drought at all growth stages (S+V+R) was found most destructive as compared to single stage. Foliar application of 2 mM salicylic acid at 4 leaf + flowering stage improved okra yield, while application of 2 mM ascorbic acid at 2 leaf + 4 leaf + flowering stage showed good results under water stress conditions. After application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid revealed significant results in case of morphological (plant height, stem diameter, internodal distance, root length, root shoot ratio, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area and leaf area index), physiological (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, relative leaf water contents and cell membrane permeability), biochemical (N, K, Ca and chlorophyll pigments) and yield traits (pod length, pod weight, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, fruit yield/plant, fruit yield/ha, seed yield/plant and seed yield/ha). Seed inoculation with 1.5 g per 10 g okra seed was found superior in improving all parameters under water stress conditions except number of branches/plant, total dry matter contents, phosphorus concentration, pod diameter, number of seeds/pod and 1000 seed weight.