ابتكارات العلامة الزمخشري في علم المعاني خلال أسلوب السؤال والجواب في تفسيره الكشاف

Semantic (علم المعاني) is the most interesting branch of Rhetoric. Al-Zamakhsharī has discussed its categories in his introduction to “Al- Kashshᾱf”. He has elaborated the terminology of Semantics but he did not arrange it separately in chapters and did not apply this division in Al- Kashshᾱf as well. The Great Scholar of Rhetoric Al-Sakkᾱkī has categorized semantics in the form of three terminologies: the Knowledge of Semantic, (علم المعاني) the Knowledge of Eloquence, (علم البيان) the figures of speech (علم البديع). Al-Zamakhsharī was very influenced by The Great Scholar and Literary Theorist Abd-ul-Qᾱhir Al-Jurjᾱnī since he implemented whatever Abd-ul-Qᾱhir Al-Jurjᾱnī pointed out in his book “Arguments of Miracles” and “Mysteries of Rhetoric” whilst analyzing Qur’ᾱnic Verses in his exegesis “Al-Kashshᾱf” on Rhetorical basis, though he mentioned in his exegesis all foremost and supreme aspects of Rhetoric which were not referred to by any former scholars. In this article I have widely discussed the unique and distinguished rhetorical topics, highlighted by Al-Zamakhsharī in his exegesis Al-Kashshᾱf, for instance; he semantically analyzed letters and verbs in the Holy Qur’ᾱn, particularly propositional and non-propositional verbs. At the end of this article I tried my best to conclude the topic with better sequences. 

Stress Patterns in Pakistani Standard English

English, as a non native variety, in Pakistan has acquired its own form most pronounced on the phonological level. The few attempts to study its structures treated phonology as marginalized part of lexical or syntactic descriptions. And even when phonological descriptions are carried out, the focus was segmental features only. Consequently, the present study aims to explore supra-segmental features exclusively which make significant differences in pronunciation and cause problem of unintelligibility. Among many sub-varieties of Pakistani English (PE), the variety of English news media which is considered to be Pakistani Standard English (PSE) is investigated through auditory and acoustic phonetics. For acoustic analysis, Praat software is used to get the waveform and spectrographs of word structures. Later, these prosodic structures are discussed in detail. Moreover, syllable structures and prosody of PSE are analysed in the optimality theory framework. First, the constraints on the syllable and word stress patterns were ranked to form a grammar of these phonological features by forming violation Tableaus to understand interaction of these constraints. Further more, a new way of doing OT is introduced in this thesis, that is violation computing method (VCM). This method addresses the most complicated issue of OT analysis- ranking of constraints. The VCM is applied by ranking constraints of two phonological processes in PSE- syllable structure and word stress patterns. It is further tested and verified by re-analysing constraints interaction with the method suggested by Prince & Smolensky (1993/2004). It is concluded that among many other differences, PSE forms ‘iambic’ foot pattern; unlike native varieties of English which make ‘trochaic’ foot pattern.